Comprehensive Guidance: a Model for Guidance and Counseling at Senior High Schools

This work is a summary of a study conducted to propose a model to enhance quality and management system for guidance and counseling services at public Senior High Schools (hereafter Indonesian SMANs). The model resulted is called A Model for Comprehensive Guidance developed conceptually and empirically based on field study at SMAN 1 Padang, SMAN 1 Tangerang, SMAN 1 Manado, SMAN 1 Bali, and SMAN 1 Kupang. The finding upon completion of the study is in the form of a comprehensive model for guidance comprising components of comprehension and philosophical grounds, the vision and mission of the guidance, students' needs, content of the guidance and, the supporting system.


BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Answering the challenges offered by the globalization era for Indonesian mankind means developing his characters so as to enhance quality. The quality Indonesian mankind refers to the one living in harmony both physically and mentally, healthy, morally Pancasila(Indonesian people's way of life)istic, professionally mastering science and technology, dynamic, and creative.
The major support toward the attainment of the goal (the solid mankind with quality) is highly qualified system of education. This would lead to the phenomenon that the kind of education as mentioned is not only a matter of transferring knowledge but also a wellsupported enhancement of the learners' ability to empower themselves in selecting and making decisions for the sake of attaining the goal they set.
Developing one's effort of empowering himself in making decisions cannot take place in seconds, but it is formed through a series of processes of interaction and involves various factors including self improvement of ability, his family matters, community, and the value system the learner believes to be his. To gain the possibility of developing the ability as highlighted, a strategy of guidance and counseling is compulsory.
Although guidance and counseling has gained legality in the schooling system of Indonesia, various problems still exist, especially when it comes to the fact that the services the guidance and counseling give tend to generate from formal demands rather than what students actually need. Previous studies taking place at SMANs in West Java on the same issue in 2003 suggested that there was a significant T 2 gap between the students' needs and the services they received.
The gap indicates that optimized attempts of achieving quality, relevance, functions and guidance management as an integral part of education have yet been working. If the services program are not arranged in such a way that appropriateness is not taken into consideration: fulfilling the students' needs and running the management system optimally increased, then it will eventually end up with the guidance being less useful and it will in turn prevent the goal of education from being attained.
The present study is conducted to answer the problems raised from the field. This time the effort of developing it differs in a way so as to ensure that developing the model would emphasize more on needs, identified problems, students' development, environments, and the actual condition of giving services of guidance and counseling at schools. This model is called A Comprehensive Model for Guidance

STUDY FOCUS
The present research is focused on the quality and the management system of guidance and counseling services at SMANs. Studies on the same issues conducted previously and problems as mentioned above showed some evidence that guidance and counseling services at schools, especially SMANs, need improvement in terms of quality and their management system as well (Thomas Elis, 1990).
Concerns in the gap between the services given and the actual needs of the students encourage the researcher to generate a new concept and a systemic, comprehensive and systematic guidance and, what seems to be the result is the model with emphasis on enhancing quality and management system of services at SMANs. Therefore, the main focus is on "How can the researcher and his personnel work together to make efforts to develop the model for comprehensive guidance in the purpose of increasing the quality and management system of guidance and counseling services at SMANs" This model has been developed using guidance concepts proposed by Gysbers (1999) and

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This study has a goal as its purpose: to generate a model for guidance which can increase the quality and management system of

RESULTS
The finding of the study upon completion of the research was a model for comprehensive guidance at SMANs consisting of components as follows: (1) comprehension and philosophical grounds; (2) vision and mission of the guidance; (3) needs observed and problems experienced by students; (4) the purpose of guidance; (5) area guidance strategy; and (6) system supports.
The results of this study showed that   (1)  (4) making use of instruments to observe the processes and results of the three guidance services. Specifically, the guidance personnel's ability needs to be prepared more especially in the matter of counseling skills, consultation strategies, and solid coordination.

RECOMMENDATION
Further studies following the present study are a possibility. They might deal with further development of a theme with broader scope of research or, further themes with more specific scope of research.