Mapping of Nanotechnology Research in Animal Science: Scientometric Analysis

This paper investigated the development example of nanotechnology from 2005 to May 2019 (15 years). The PubMed database has been utilized to recognize the job of Nanotechnology applications. Absolutely, 502 articles gathered including examination, survey and clinical preliminary were investigated, and the information are introduced in various table headings. Single-wrote papers with 48% of commitments have overwhelmed this field of research. US rules with huge commitments right now followed by England (26%). Dominant part of the productions were in English language (99%) and simply 0.2% distributed in the Chinese. It was intriguing to note 56% research articles were distributed right now. 5% productions were result of clinical preliminaries. The outcomes recommended that creator profitability dissemination anticipated for nonsubject in Animal science. From this examination, analysts, researchers, subject masters, understudies, overseers, strategy creators, academicians, Library and Information Science experts and staff partners will be profited attributable to the logical and powerful examination. Article History: Received 28 May 2021 Revised 30 May 2021 Accepted 8 Jun 2021 Available online 10 Jun 2021 ____________________ Keyword: Animal Science, Kolmogorov, Lotkas Law, Nanotechnology, Scientometric, Smirnov test. ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering Journal homepage: http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/AJSE/ ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering 1 (2) (2021) 97-112 © 2021 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia


A B S T R A C T S A R T I C L E I N F O
This paper investigated the development example of nanotechnology from 2005 to May 2019 (15 years). The PubMed database has been utilized to recognize the job of Nanotechnology applications. Absolutely, 502 articles gathered including examination, survey and clinical preliminary were investigated, and the information are introduced in various table headings. Single-wrote papers with 48% of commitments have overwhelmed this field of research. US rules with huge commitments right now followed by England (26%). Dominant part of the productions were in English language (99%) and simply 0.2% distributed in the Chinese. It was intriguing to note 56% research articles were distributed right now. 5% productions were result of clinical preliminaries. The outcomes recommended that creator profitability dissemination anticipated for nonsubject in Animal science. From this examination, analysts, researchers, subject masters, understudies, overseers, strategy creators, academicians, Library and Information Science experts and staff partners will be profited attributable to the logical and powerful examination.

INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology offers novel actualizes for sub-atomic and cell science, biotechnology, veterinary physiology, parasitology, toxicology, pharmacology, proliferation and significantly more. It tends to be utilized for clinical analysis as there are various territories in which nanotechnology could be useful to the science and building of farming, animal and nourishment frameworks Taylor and Davidson (Taylor & Davidson, 2005). Scientometric examination, a quantitative way to deal with a weighty framework, depends basically on bibliometric pointers. In bibliometrics, the distribution number on a particular subject is legitimately relative to potential research Pouris (Pouris, 2007). Nanotechnology is recorded by the European Commission as one of the six vital engaging advances that add to reasonable viability and development in a few mechanical divisions EC. As guaranteed by Zampoli et al., (2013), nanotechnology examine on creature science has been completed for over ten years, scanning for explanations to investigating clinical indications and treatment conveyance frameworks, imaginative devices for sub-atomic and cell reproducing, items identified with creature and sanitation, change of creature squander, pathogen discovery, and some more. A considerable amount of creators have indicated the developing pattern of logical distributions on nanotechnology inquire about in creature science, particularly for microbial anti-microbial opposition Emily and julang (Emily & Julang, 2017), creature sustenance and wellbeing Pinar et al., (2018), Ramirez et al., (2010), domesticated animals creation Patil et al., (2009), creature cultivation Shiwen et al., (2015, poultry El Sabry et al., (2018), tranquilize conveyance, immunization and therapeutics Meena et al (Meena et al., 2018).
Until this point, there are not many scientometric concentrates on nanotechnology inquire about efficiency in creature science paying little mind to momentous development in innovative work related to this field. Mohanty et al., (2014), Bakker et al., (2005, . Nanotechnology has the imminent to reveal an assortment of vulnerabilities worried to veterinary prosperity, creation, proliferation, good-natured sterile works on during raising and keeping up of nourishment creatures, the potential uses of the innovation is outlandishly associated with domesticated animals. The goals are surrounded to dissect the examination efficiency of Nanotechnology in Animal Science. The targets are to recognize the development pace of research profitability from 2005 to May 2019, to inspect the development pace of cooperative research, to discover the Year's astute creation design, to check the level of coordinated effort over the investigation time frame. Various Scientometric related examinations have just inspected in different fields by famous research researchers and researchers. However, concentrates on nanotechnology explore profitability in creature science are not really not many which makes the investigation increasingly huge. Chakravarthi and Balaji (2010) depicted a portion of the key degrees of nanotechnology by and by being attempted in the realm of veterinary medicine. The creators demanded nanotechnology is at the sprouting phase of improvement, it might take many years to achieve the basic research and lead logical preliminaries for acquiring intentional results. Correspondingly, Bentolila et al., (2009), insisted that progresses in nanotechnology have a substantial influence to resolve animal health issues. However, the study stated the use of nanotechnology in those areas were not extensive. In this way, Bagheri et al., (2016) asserted that nanotechnology investigation is presently a piece of extreme logical enthusiasm inferable from an incredible assortment of imminent in biomedical, optical, and electronic field. In the perspective on Scott, (2005), one of the basic destinations in domesticated animals is to have an administrative instrument growing new frameworks to ensure early finding by ranchers or veterinarians. The investigation further examined on the savvy treatment conveyance frameworks of nanotechnology, which incorporates organic and bioactive frameworks, for example, useful feed supplements, drugs, nutraceuticals, and implantable cell bioreactors. In this manner, Nazim and Ahmad (2008) examined the logical yield in the field of 'nanotechnology', while proposing its examination patterns and portraying its most significant perspectives, for example, the development of writing, creation design, most beneficial diaries, writers, nations, and so on. An aggregate of 2675 articles during the years 1991-2006 were gathered from Web of Science (WoS), from the Science Citation Index. The information investigation concentrated on the introduction of productions, frequencies, and rates. Initiation examples and head diaries were analyzed utilizing Lotka's Law and Bradford's Law of dissipating separately. Correspondingly, Velmurugan (2019) made a scientometric evaluation of the logical distributions on nanotechnology by looking at the yearly progression of productions, shared nations and domains, extreme branches of knowledge and research work, productive associations, foundations, top-positioned diaries, and exceptionally beneficial papers, and so on. The paper concentrated on the writing development and improvement in Nanotechnology in Canada as reflected in the snare of science information database. The examination broke down an aggregate of 576 logical research papers, with 34955 referred to references that were distributed in the field of nanotechnology in Canada during the years 1994 and 2014.The study attempted to investigate the growth pattern of publication in terms of articles, review, editorial material, proceedings paper, meeting abstract, review as book chapter, letter, and article as book chapter, book review and note, further analyzed the various factors such as authors and co-authorship pattern, collaborative research trends, single authors as well as joint authors relationship, citation based analysis, institutional and geographical distribution, subject wise and research area based study and funding agency.

OBJECTIVES
The principle destinations of the investigation address the accompanying angles: (i) Sequential movement on article distributions; (ii) Pattern of creators adding to nanotechnology inquire about in creature science; (iii) Author efficiency through the use of Lotka's law and Kolmogorav-Smirnov decency of fit test; (iv)Productivity on various languages and research publications with respect to country and; (v)Identify the keywords used in publications of animal science involving nanotechnology research in Animal science.

METHOD
Data generated from PubMed data base, a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topic using following key words: Topic -Nanotechnology in animal science, Time span: January 2005-May 2019. The data were exported to MS Excel spreadsheet to analyze statistically, tabulated and figured. This study covered a period of 15 years from 2005 to May 2019 (both the years inclusive). All the records during the period of study have been downloaded completely from the PubMed online database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/). Duplicate records were eliminated. Only Journal publications were considered for study, therefore book chapters, proceedings etc. were excluded. The analysis applied percentage and average score analysis as the basic tools. Bibexcel software was used to analyses data, Pajek and VOSviewer software tools were used to generate visualized data. The coded factors were as per the following: year of production, number of writers adding to the articles the branches of knowledge secured by these diaries, and language of the article.

Data Analsis and Interpretation
The number of scientific output in the field of Animal science related to nanotechnology in PubMed during the study period (2005-2019) is shown in Figure 1. It indicates that the number of publications increases steadily from 2005 to 2013, however a tremendous hike could be noted between the years 2014 and 2017 and a sudden downfall of publications during the period 2018 and 2019 was noted. Joger et al., (2019) correlates declining trend in nanotechnology research with respect to the peak of expectations for which disruptive technologies usually transit. The findings of their study denoted that the advances in regulation, normativity, ethical implications and responsible use of these technologies, delimit the applications and incorporations in the market, an aspect that can affect the feedback between nano industry and research.

Publication language of nanotechnology research in animal science
It could be noted from Figure 2, that research papers on nanotechnology related to animal science are predominantly published in English language (501 publications) and Chinese accounts to merely 0.2% of the total publications. In this way, Mohammad et al., (2011) analyzed and envisioned the float of logical yield in the field of nanotechnology in MEDLINE during the decade 2001-2010 where his investigation announced English language bookkeeping to 98% of total distributions and was the most predominant language of productions.

Types of publications
Number of publications included in the study are showed in Table 1. A total of 502 articles taken for the study that includes 281 research papers, 153 articles, 42 review work and 26 clinical trials. Table 2 shows twenty-one driving nations contributing logical distributions from 2005 to 2019. Just six nations had a portion of 3% or more. The prevailing nation was the United States, it delivered 35.7% of the logical work. Other profitable nations were England sharing 26.3% of the world's logical distributions, Germany 6%, Japan 6%, Korea 5%, aside from these premier nations, ten nations each created somewhere in the range of 1% and 3% of estimated. In a review concentrate on nanotechnology insurgency in the general public, Roco et al., (2011) andScott (2005) brought up the United States has promoted more than $12 billion since the time 2000 for nanotechnology innovative work (R&D), by the space program, so as to guarantee that it receives major money related reward from the nano upset. Besides, the discoveries demonstrated Japan, Korea, the European Union, and its individual part economies, China, Taiwan, Russia, Brazil, India, and a few Middle Eastern nations have contributed comparable ventures since 2000. Similarly, Kostoff et al., (2007) have noticed the USA and China have exhaustively upheld to nanotechnology examination. Further, the discoveries delineated U.S, Germany, and France were the three most productive Western nations and China, Japan, and South Korea were the three most gainful Asian nations to distribute extraordinary research articles on nanotechnology.  Figure 3 shows the density view of most productive authors in nanotechnology research. The density vision is convenient to outlook common structure of the authors and to draw attention to the most significant authors in this field. It could be noted that few areas are deep red colored indicating dense concentration of authors, while other areas are less dense with orange, yellow and green colour respectively. The

Co-author visualization cluster analysis
Co-creation is the most noteworthy factor for assessing a logical association that makes an informal organization among scholastics. In light of the unit of investigation, this co-initiation organize is separated into four segments dependent on creators, organizations, nations, and areas Ozra et al (2016). Right now, co-origin system of creators was evaluated. So as to delineate co-origin system of authors utilizing the VOSviewer programming Association quality Method, a base number of reports distributed by a creator was viewed as two archives. Out of eight hundred and twenty one authors, Three hundred and twenty seven authors met this threshold. Co-author cluster analysis presented in Figure 2 shows 129 items, 10 cluster, 575 link, and 1023 total link strength. Cluster 1 (Dark Red) shows Liu Zhuang coauthored with 25 authors , Cluster 2 (Green) displays Gu Ning co-authored along 22 authors, Cluster3 (Dark Blue) denotes Wang Zhong Lin co-authored with 17 authors, cluster 4 (Yellow) indicate Yang Fan co-authored along 13 authors, cluster 5 (Violet) shows Cui Daxiang coauthored along 13 authors, Cluster 6 (Light Blue) -Li Chao co-authored with 12 authors, Cluster 7 (Orange) -Thierry Benjamin co-authored with 11 authors, Cluster 8 (Brown) denotes Wang Chao co-authored with 8 authors, Cluster 9 (Pink) with Ni Jian co-authored along 6 authors, Cluster 10 (Light Red) Cui Wei. The highest co-author network in the density belonged to Liu Zhang (Figure 4). Detailed in Appendix 1. The top 10 document-productive authors are shown in Table 3. Top ten researchers who had actively involved are represented in Table 4. Liu Z stands first with 15 contribution a 73 total strength, while Cui D and Wang, C holds second and third position with 14 and 12 contributions respectively. However, Lee C, Kim k, Kim Y and Lin C had also contributed significantly. It should be noted that most publications are made after the year 2014.

Keywords visualization cluster
As stated by Wang and Chai (2018), keyword analysis is important for motivating the further development of a subject area. Correspondingly, Issac and Gomathi (2018) examined the research output of the keyword analysis of 'Dengue disease' during the period 2005 -2014 with a total of 3517 words. While discussing about specialized studies on identification of major themes of research and their trends over the years. Marisha (2019) have pointed out that such studies primarily utilize the author keywords and words extracted from the abstract and title of a paper for analysis, further added that some studies have also used related keywords from other sources in order to increase the vocabulary for analysis. According to Zhang et al., (2019), the top author keywords implicate interests of scientists and researchers in their concerned discipline. The visualization map based on 183 author keywords (out of total 1779) having more than 2 occurrences in articles, is illustrated in Figure 5. Based on the cluster approach of VOSviewer, using Association strength Method 139 item, 16 cluster, 298 link, 319 total link strength, were generated according to the close proximity of author keywords. It is obvious from the figure, the keyword 'nanoparticles'(light blue) had attracted most publications with 22 occurrences and a link strength of 31, which is followed by 'Drug delivery'(Red) and 'Photo thermal therapy'(light green) with 10 occurrences each a link strength of 19 and 12 respectively. Table 4 provides data on most frequently used keywords their occurrences and total link strength and specific details are mentioned in appendix 1.    In Table 4, a link denotes an occurrence connection between keywords. According to the VOSviewer manual, every single link has a strong point, signified by a positive numerical value. The link becomes stronger as the value raises. The total link strength indicates the frequency of keyword occurrence in number of publications Guo et al., (2019).

Productivity of authors through Lotkas law
The quantity of authors making n publications is around 1/n of those authoring one, and the extent of each one of that publication a solitary commitment is 60 %. This implies out of the considerable number of authors in a given field, 60 % of authors will have only one production every, 15 % will have two distributions every (1/22 times 60), 7 % of authors will have three distributions (1/32 times 60) each and just around 6 % of authors in the writing of any field will deliver up to 10 publications each" Adigwe, (2016), Lotka's Law is regularly called "inverse square law", speaking to a converse connection between the number of productions and the number of writers adding to these productions Nwagwu, (2007). As appeared in Table  5, an aggregate of 821 authors has contributed 1669 logical research yields on nanotechnology applications in Animal science, out of which 48% logical work were numerous authors had endeavored to distribute their work for once, while 22% took endeavors to draw out their examination twice, notwithstanding, under 1% of them were resolved to split their work on print attributable to in excess of 5 publications.
To calculate the frequency of publication by the authors, Lotka's Law was applied. The realistic investigations of Lotka's assertions have been vital in generating new methodologies and practices in the field of bibliometrics Yang et al (2014). To highlighten this, a certain rule between author frequency and quantity of papers was postulated by Lotka (1926). Lotka's law can be articulated in the following equation as * = where 'x' is the number of articles published (1, 2, 3, 4….); 'y' is the number of authors with frequency 'x' number of articles; 'n' is an exponent that is constant for a given set of data; and 'C' is a constant.
There has been considerable research led to the experimental approval of Lotka's law. Albeit numerous investigations have since quite a while ago settled the legitimacy of the law, they frequently found that the example n isn't constantly 2 yet rather a variable worth Ahmed and Rahman (2009). Pao (1985) depicted techniques for testing the materialness of Lotka's Law intently resulting in methods utilized by Lotka himself. She recommended by what implies the example n and the steady c ought to be determined and how to execute the Kolmogorov-Smirnov trial of similarity. Further, she contemplated 48 arrangements of creator profitability information against Lotka's Law of x^n* y_x=C. The investigation discoveries detailed that simply seven informational indexes fitted the converse square law. She proposed that for future tests, illustrative examination and great inspecting procedures ought to be followed in information assemblage. For every, she clarified various creators, commitments, determined estimations of n and c, the most extreme deviation between the extents of the watched and hypothetical qualities, and so on. Over 80% of the sets affirmed to Lotka's Law. The sets secured twenty subject fields and three enormous research library indexes. When n=2 utilized for an informational collection then the law is called 'Inversesquare law of logical profitability'. Barrios, et al (2008) endeavored a bibliometrics investigation in the zone of the brain science of the travel industry during the years 1990 to 2005. The examination included in 572 articles that were contributed by 854 writers. Pao's technique was utilized and to decide if the information fitted Lotka's Law, the n esteem was determined to utilize the least-squares strategy, (n = 3.26 and c = of 0.87). The creators presumed that the information fitted Lotka's Law. Thusly, in the current investigation, Linear Least Square (LLS) strategy has been utilized to figure the estimation of 'n' characterized by Pao (1986). It can be articulated as: where 'X' denotes logarithm value of 'x' i.e. number of publications; 'Y' denotes logarithm value of 'y' i.e. number of authors and 'N' denotes the number of data pairs available for the study. n = 11*32.451-17.502*29.545 11*33.400 -(17.502) 2 n = -160.1451631 61.07082108 n = -2.622286065 The constant 'C' can be calculated by the follows equation:

Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) Goodness-of-fit test
To look at the watched recurrence example of the author's profitability suits the normal recurrence Pattern; Pao (1986) recommended applying the non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) integrity of-fit test. The theory concerned a connection among watched and anticipated frequencies. The test permitted the assurance of the related likelihood that the watched most extreme deviation happens inside the restrictions of possibility. To check it, the most elevated deviation between the watched aggregate relative recurrence and Expected total relative frequencies should be considered and afterward contrasted it and the Critical worth (C.V.) which can be calculated by the following equation determined by Nicholls (1989).  As avowed by Naqyia and Fatima (2017), the invalid speculation of the informational index endorsing to Lotka's Law can be acknowledged at a specific degree of importance, if the greatest deviation falls inside the basic worth range. Or maybe, on the off chance that it surpasses the basic worth the invalid speculation must be dismissed at a specific degree of noteworthiness and reasoned that the watched dissemination is intriguingly not quite the same as the hypothetical conveyance. The K-S test is performed to look at the congruity of the watched creator dissemination versus Lotka's appropriation. Binito et al (2005) examined logical yield in the field of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) utilizing the Web of Science database . The creator took an ordinary tally and applied Pao's strategy. The estimation of the example in this way determined was = 2.32 and the steady c = 0.722. Utilizing a K-S test indicated that the most extreme distinction between the genuine and assessed amassed frequencies was 0.038, that is, not exactly the basic worth (c.v. = 0.079), the information acquired discovered satisfactory with those evaluated through the utilization of Lotka's Law. Correspondingly in the current examination, the got information is tried against the converse square law with the example n being 2.62 and introduced in Table 6. The greatest deviation was approached 0.000234089 which is not exactly the basic estimation of 0.0432 at the 0.01 degree of criticalness. In this way, it is inferred that the creators of Animal science adding to nanotechnology investigate information fit Lotka's Law.

Findings and Discussion
Nanotechnology has a gigantic point of view to modernizing the agribusiness and domesticated animal segments. It can give brand new actualizes to toxicology, atomic and cell science, veterinary physiology, creature hereditary qualities, multiplication, and so forth that would allow researchers to deal with organic materials, for example, DNA, proteins or cells in little measures normally in nano-liters or pico-liters (Bayati & Moradi, 2013). This study has been carried on Research productivity of nanotechnology on Animal science from 2005 to May 2019. The data were collected from PubMed database by using the document and analyzed through Bibexcel software. This study has focused authorship pattern, single authors versus joint author's relationship, degree of collaboration, pattern of co-authorship index, and collaborative research on nanotechnology on animal science and related features such as document, geographical wise distribution, and ranking of core journals and noticed which the predominant journal was during the period of research. The major findings and results were listed below. It was measured that the highest (22.11%) of papers were published in 2017 and 21% in the year 2018. The USA has maximum number of literature output and it is ranked first. "Animals, Humans, Disease models and mice" were the most frequently used MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) in PubMed database for nanotechnology in animal science related searches. Among the analyzed documents, 56% were research works, 30% belonged to article category while 8% were review oriented and 5% were outcome of clinical trials. Lotka's Law of logical efficiency is viewed as one of the old-style laws of bibliometrics. A basic zone of bibliometrics is creator profitability, which can be estimated by various distributions of a particular creator Suresh (2016). On account of different authorships, all creators are considered. It is discovered that 48% of individual writers had just one article. 22% of writers had two articles, and 19% had three articles, etc. By Pao's adjusted procedure, the estimation of the example n for nanotechnology explore in Animal science is determined 2.62 and the steady c rose to 0.77. Utilizing the K-S test it's discovered that at the 0.01 degree of the centrality the most extreme deviation is 0.002311476 which is lower than the basic estimation of 0.0432. Along these lines, it tends to be inferred that the aftereffect of our investigation accommodates Lotka's Law. The level of joint effort (DC) was resolved among the efficiency DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10. 17509/xxxxt.vxix p-ISSN 2776-6098 e-ISSN 2776-5938 of creators, the example of co-initiation (thickness) gave in Figure 1. The level of single-wrote is more than that of multi-created papers and the normal level of joint effort was 0.52. The example of the communitarian list was assessed and the most extreme scope of the collective file was 0.61 in the years 2010 separately.

CONCLUSION
By and by, nanotechnology has been widely utilized as indicative and helpful specialists in the human clinical field for a long while, yet their application in veterinary medicine and Animal husbandry is generally new. Present examination exhibited some broad deductions on the essential Scientometric qualities like origin design, look into the coordinated effort of the Nanotechnology applications in creature science. As supported by Hu and Hseish (2015) nanotechnology suffers to advance and acquire more consideration, its applications in the livestock industry will end up being increasingly far-reaching. A consistent increment of distributions could be seen throughout the years. As indicated by Patil et al (2009) nanotechnology will have a keen impact, however not in the immediate future for what it's worth in the beginning times of its improvement and requirements to prepare researchers, designers and scholars to work at the cell and sub-atomic levels for huge advantages in creature wellbeing and therapeutics. Yet, it is sane to accept that in the forthcoming year's nanotechnology research will alter animal wellbeing and help to support up animals' creation.