Mechanisms of a 3-axis CNC machine design and experiment

CNC technology has become a requirement in the industrial world without complying with educational, pedagogical and private ratings. Manufacturers of this type of machine are trying to conform with the marketing requirements in terms of quality, price and quantity, so the CNC machine can meet the requirements and has acquired a leading position. The study and design of the three-axis CNC machine are based on the Fusion 360 software for the design and PROTEUS software for simulation to perfect our device. Article History: Received 23 Nov 2020 Revised 24 Jan 2021 Accepted 17 Feb 2021 Available online 26 Feb 2021 ____________________ Keyword: Fusion 360 software, PROTEUS software, Stepper motor, Modeling, Simulation, G-code ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering Education Journal homepage: https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/AJSEE/ ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering Education 1(1) (2021) 63-68 © 2021 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Youcef Guerfi, et.al. Mechanisms of a 3-axis CNC machine design and experiment ... | 64 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.xxxxx/AJSEE.v1i1 pISSN 2528-1410 eISSN 2527-8045

Mechanisms of a 3-axis CNC machine design and experiment

INTRODUCTION
The design of devices at the level of research laboratories continues to progress. Each time, prototypes from different disciplines have been continuously designed and developed (Golnabi & Asadpour, 2007;Li, et al., 2019;Khechekhouche, et al., 2019). CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines have not been shielded from this development; these machines can automatically perform many tasks in various fields of activity: engraving and drilling of printed circuits, the production of small mechanical parts, the tracing and cutting of the various components of the scale models, and much more (Ye, et al., 2018). A growing number of model builders, electronics engineers and other enthusiasts are using digitally controlled machine tools. These small machines, most often milling machines, provide an almost professional quality result. But these machines are often very expensive to purchase, so many people design and build them themselves. Most CNC machines have three axes, but there are models with four or even five axes. Three-axis models are often sufficient in the majority of applications. Today, computer numerical control (CNC) machines, allow great flexibility in industrial production, during recent years, the control of electrical machines, has undergone significant progress, thanks to the technological revolution in electronics and computer science (Keefe & Jeffrey, 1991). A group of researchers used a servo system consisting of a monitor, a multi-axis motion control board, a servo motor, a servo motor and the load was installed. After connecting the various components, the machine edited the command interface software calling the interpolation process, which could realize the simulation control and real-time control of the servo motors. The comparative results indicate that the process simulation of the experiment is higher (Shafieifar, et al., 2017). In this paper, a simulation with the PROTEUS software, a realization with the fusion 360 software, a kinetic study and finally a study of the mechanisms of the X, Y and Z axes of the machine will be made in order to improve the competence of the numerically controlled machine.

System overview
Three Axis CNC Machine (MOCN) as shown in Figure 1 is a high precision machine designed to engrave a variety of metallic and non-metallic materials. It is a machine driven by stepper motors. These allow the direct conversion of a digital electrical signal into an angular positioning of an incremental character.

Operating principle of a MOCN
The machine tool is equipped with a numerical control capable of carrying out the calculations of the coordinates of the points defining a path (interpolation), it is said to be

Characteristic of three axis CNC machine
The kinetic, dynamic, physical and electrical properties of each axis of the CNC machine are gathered in Table 1, while Figure 3 shows the kinematic diagram of the x, y and z axes.

Design and mechanisms of the X, Y and Z axes
The CNC machine is designed in two parts, an electrical part and a mechanical part. The elements in the assembly gives this machine, are shown in Figure 4. All the elements of the machine are designed beforehand by the Corel DRAW software than they are really manufactured on the basis of this software. Corel DRAW software is a graphics suite developed by software publisher Corel since 1989. Originally, it was Corel DRAW vector drawing software. Over time, other software such as Corel Photo Paint and Corel R.A.V.E were added and the software became a graphics suite.  Figure 5 shows the tool used in the experiment. It is a metal punch with a diameter of three mm which we modified to carve on different types of wood. In the experiment, engravings were carried out on different wood panels, and we obtained the following results. Several calculations have been made on the mechanism of the three axes X, Y, and Z such as the number of steps, angular speed, motor entry and exit power and many others. All the results obtained are presented in Table 2. Based on cutting parameters of each type of wood, practical and concrete results are obtained and summarized in Table 3. We notice that the other numerically controlled machine to perform several cutting shapes on the wood which shows our device is effective.

CONCLUSION
Our study focused on a 3-axis CNC machine. This expensive device was designed and programmed with two available software and aluminium and iron building materials. After the construction of the machine, the results show that the device perfectly executes the commands entered in the PC. Different geometric shapes were engraved on pieces the different woods with very acceptable precision. With strong structure and powerful motors, this machine can process in future aluminium metal surfaces.