Gordon Ramsay's Politeness Strategies in Masterchef and Masterchef Junior Us

This research aims to investigate the types of politeness strategies that are performed by Gordon Ramsay in judging the Masterchef US and Masterchef Junior US contestants' dishes and to reveal whether Gordon Ramsay performs any different politeness strategies between the Master chef and Masterchef Junior contestants. The data spring from Gordon Ramsay utterances, taken from the elimination test of two episodes of Masterchef season 4 (episode 9 and 12) and the elimination test of two episodes of Masterchef Junior US season 1 (episode 2 and 6). The framework of Brown & Levinson's (1987) politeness strategies is adopted. Findings reveal that Gordon Ramsay performed bald on-record strategy, positive politeness, and off record strategy. Furthermore, Ramsay performed diferent varieties of politeness strategies in Masterchef; and performed only positive politeness strategy in Masterchef Junior.


INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, competitions or talent shows of varying nature are mushrooming on television, such as dancing, singing, modelling, even a cooking show. After the contestants of those competition show their abilities, the judges give them comments. Not only the contestants performances, but also judges' comments on contestants are interesting to see. One of the talent shows which attracts the audience because of the judges' comments is Masterchef US. It is hard to deny that the judges' comments influence the contestants' cooking, where they have to give their best meal every week. Judges' comments could be congratulating, compliments, suggestions, even scrutiny. One of the Masterchef US judges who often supplies critical commentsis Gordon Ramsay.
Gordon Ramsay is one of the judges of Masterchef, and its spin off, Masterchef Junior US who plays the antagonist role to criticize the contestants' dishes. Masterchef US is a cooking contest for young adults/adult amateurs and home chefs.On the other hand, Masterchef Junior US is a cooking contest forkids aged 9 to 12 years old.It is interesting to see whether Gordon Ramsay performs any different treatment to the contestants.In judging a dish, Gordon Ramsay needs to perform certain strategies in order to save the contestants' face. Because if the evaluation is negative, it could be potentially to threat the contestants' face. Variables such as social distance, age difference, institutional setting and power have contributed to the different choice of politeness strategies (Senowarsito, 2013).While variable age has relative effect on performing politeness strategies (Safavi & Zamanian, 2014).
According to Brown Levinson, as cited in Thomas (1995), some acts could damage or threaten a person's face. These acts are known as face-threatening acts (FTA), such as complaints, criticisms, disagreement, insults. Brown and Levinson (1987) defined FTA based on two variables: i) whose face is being threatened (the speaker's or the hearer's), and ii) which type of face is being threatened (positive or negative). Based on the intensity of the threats, there are five politeness strategies. The five strategies are sorted by degree of risk of 'losing face'. Those strategies arebald onrecord, positive politeness, negative politeness, off record and do not perform FTA (Thomas, 1995).
Bald on-record is a strategy where the speaker tends to say something clearly. It does not attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer's face. Brown & Levinson (1987) state that most speaker perform bald on-record when he wants to do FTA with the maximum efficiency. Brown & Levinson (1987) divide bald onrecord into two sub-strategies:i) casesof non-minimization of the threat, and ii) cases of FTA-oriented bald on-record usage.
Positive politeness strategy is a strategy where the speaker wants to satisfy the hearer's wants or keeps the positive of the hearer's face (Brown & Levinson, 1987). Brown & Levinson (….) also outline the sub strategies of politeness strategies: (1) Notice, attend to H (interest, wants, needs, goods); (2) Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy to H); (3) Intensify interest to H; (4) Use in-group identity marker; (5) Seek agreement; (6) Avoid disagreement; (7) Presuppose/raise/assert common ground; (8) Joke; (9) Assert or presuppose S's knowledge of and concern for H's wants; (10) Offer, promise; (11) Be optimistic; (12) Include both S and H in the activity; (13) Give (or ask for) reasons; (14) Assume or assert reciprocity; (15)Give gifts to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation) Negative politeness is a strategy of saving negative face of the hearer. This strategy ascertains the speaker recognizes and respects the hearer's face; wants and will not distract the hearer's freedom of action (Brown & Levinson, 1987) Negative politeness is classified into ten sub-strategies: 1. Be conventionally indirect 2. Question, hedge 3. Be pessimistic 4. Minimize the imposition 5. Give deference 6. Apologize 7. Impersonalize S and H (Avoid the pronouns 'I' and 'You') 8. State the FTA as general rule 9. Nominalize 10. Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting H According to Brown and Levinson (1987), off record strategy is a strategy in which the speaker doesan FTA indirectly and lets the hearer freely interpret it. Off record strategy is divided into 15 substrategies:  Utami, et al.(2013), for example, analyzed politeness strategies in realisation of expressive speech acts in X-Factor Indonesia Talent Show. They showed that the X-Factor judges performed positive politeness, bald on record and off record. Wise (2011) analyzed the different politeness strategies between English and Spanish magazine advertisements. The study showed that English magazines tend to use negative politeness, whereas Spanish ones prefer positive politeness. This present study compares two identical TV shows that differ minimally in age of participants, which is expected to influence the way one realizes politeness. It aims to investigate the types of politeness strategies performed by Gordon Ramsay in judging the Masterchef and Masterchef Junior contestants' dishes and to reveal whether Gordon Ramsay performs different politeness strategies when interacting with the Masterchef and Masterchef Junior contestants.

METHOD
This study primarily applies a descriptive-qualitative method. The qualitative method is an appropriate method because the study involves words rather than numbersand in-depth elaboration of findings and analysis. The descriptive method is considered as most suitable since it aims to answer the question about the 'what' of a phenomenon (Green, 2007). The data are Gordon Ramsay's utterances, taken from the elimination test of two episodes of Masterchef season 4 (episode 9 and 12) and elimination test of two episodes of Masterchef Junior US season 1 (episode 2 and 6). The data are gained from a subtitle trancript which is downloaded from htpp://tinysub.net. The data are then split into chunks of utterances, and then classified based on Brown and Levinson's politeness strategies and comparison among them is then made.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This section delineates findings and their analysis as regards the kinds of politeness strategy Gordon Ramsay employed in two identical TV shows, i.e. Masterchef US and MasterchefJunior US. The following is a table that illustrates comparison of politeness strategies used by Ramsay.   The realization of politeness strategies in data (2)

(Eat another one) "Nice/ idea/ but/ the/ golden/ rule/ of/ any/ macaroon/ is/ that/ you/ don't/ put/ fruit/ inside//
The realization of politeness strategies in data (3) is marked by the positive politeness with assert S's knowledge of and concern for H's wants sub strategy as shown by the bold sentence. The speaker shows that he knew what the hearer planned to and then give the hearer a suggestion.
Positive Politeness -give (or ask for) reasons (4) This is a conversation between Gordon Ramsay (GR) and Jonny (Jo), 28 years old, in elimination test of Masterchef US season 4, 12 th episode. He cooked chocolate macaroons with a peanut butter mousse and vanilla macaroons with a raspberry mascarpone filling, and put them in the box.

GR: Good// (Open the box slowly) (sigh) come/ on// what/ happened//?
Jo: My/ batter/ was/ a/ little/ thicker/ consistency/ than/ I/ thought/ it/ was/ gonna/ be// and/ I-I/ expected/ 'em/ to/ settle/ a/ little/ more// so/ when/ I/ baked/ 'em/ they/ were/ just// they/ were/ way/ too/ tall/ to/ get/ 'em/ in/ the/ box/ but/ I/ thought/ we/ had/ to/ have/ all/ 12/ in/ the/ box/ or/ it/ was// The realization of politeness strategies in data (4) is marked by the positive politeness with give (or ask for) reasons sub strategy as shown by the bold sentence. The speaker is disappointed but he wants to know the reason of the hearer cooked badly.
Positive Politeness -Be optimistic (5) This is a conversation between Gordon Ramsay (GR) and Jonny (Jo), 28 years old, in elimination test of Masterchef US season 4, 12 th episode. He cooked chocolate macaroons with a peanut butter mousse and vanilla macaroons with a raspberry mascarpone filling, and put them in the box.
Off Record -Use contradictions (6) This is a conversation between Gordon Ramsay (GR) and Jonny (Jo), 28 years old, in elimination test of Masterchef US season 4, 12 th episode. He cooked chocolate macaroons with a peanut butter mousse and vanilla macaroons with a raspberry mascarpone filling, and put them in the box.
Off Record -Use Rhetorical Questions (7)  The realization of politeness strategies in data (7) is marked by the off record with rhetorical questions sub strategy as shown by the bold sentence. The speaker shows how bad the food is by questioning it rather than saying it directly.
Off Record -Be Ironic (8)  The realization of politeness strategies in data (11) is marked by the positive politeness with notice, attend to H (interest, needs, wants, goods) sub strategy as shown by the bold sentence. The speaker wants to criticize the hearer, but to save his positive face, the speaker decides to compliment the hearer first.
Positive Politeness -use in-group identity marker (12) This is a conversation between Gordon Ramsay (GR) and Jack (Jc), 10 years old, in elimination test of Masterchef Junior US Season 1, 6 th episode. He cooked a chicken breast roullade with goat cheese.