Pengembangan Program Aktivitas Fisik Outdoor Berbasis Alam Untuk Stimulasi Motorik kasar Anak Usia Dini

Fitriah Lestari; Fu'ad Arif Noor

Pengembangan Program Aktivitas Fisik Outdoor Berbasis Alam Untuk Stimulasi Motorik kasar Anak Usia Dini

Fitriah Lestari, Fu'ad Arif Noor

Abstract

Stimulasi motorik kasar anak usia dini menjadi aspek fundamental dalam optimalisasi tumbuh kembang anak. Namun, program aktivitas fisik yang ada cenderung dilakukan di dalam ruangan dan kurang memanfaatkan lingkungan alam sebagai media pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan program aktivitas fisik outdoor berbasis alam (Nature-Based Outdoor Physical Activity/NBOPA) untuk stimulasi motorik kasar anak usia 4–6 tahun. Metode yang digunakan adalah Research and Development (R&D) dengan model ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Subjek penelitian meliputi 30 anak di PAUD Terpadu Mutiara, Yogyakarta dengan melibatkan 4 guru dan 2 ahli validator. Instrumen pengumpulan data menggunakan lembar observasi, angket validasi ahli, dan tes motorik kasar TGMD-3 (Test of Gross Motor Development-3). Hasil analisis kebutuhan menunjukkan 87% anak belum mencapai standar perkembangan motorik kasar sesuai usia. Validasi ahli materi memberikan skor 91,4% (sangat layak) dan ahli media 88,7% (sangat layak). Uji coba lapangan menunjukkan peningkatan skor motorik kasar dari rata-rata 62,3 menjadi 79,8 (N-Gain = 0,46; kategori sedang). Komponen program NBOPA meliputi: (1) aktivitas keseimbangan berbasis ranting kayu dan pohon, (2) aktivitas lokomotor berbasis medan alam, (3) aktivitas manipulatif berbasis bahan alam. Program ini terbukti efektif meningkatkan kemampuan motorik kasar anak usia dini dan layak diimplementasikan secara luas di lembaga PAUD.

Keywords

Aktivitas fisik, outdoor, berbasis alam, stimulasi

Full Text:

PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)

References

Ayres, A. J. (1979). Sensory integration and the child. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Borg, W. R., dan Gall, M. D. (2003). Educational research: An introduction (7th ed.). New York: Longman.

Branch, R. M. (2009). Instructional design: The ADDIE approach. New York: Springer.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Cameron, C. E., Brock, L. L., Murrah, W. M., Bell, L. H., Worzalla, S. L., Grissmer, D., dan Morrison, F. J. (2012). Fine motor skills and executive function both contribute to kindergarten achievement. Child Development, 83(4), 1229–1244.

Chow, J. Y., Davids, K., Button, C., dan Renshaw, I. (2016). Nonlinear pedagogy in skill acquisition: An introduction. London: Routledge.

Copple, C., dan Bredekamp, S. (Eds.). (2009). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8 (3rd ed.). Washington: NAEYC.

Davids, K., Araújo, D., Correia, V., dan Vilar, L. (2012). How small-sided and conditioned games enhance acquisition of movement and decision-making skills. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(3), 154–161.

Davis, J. M. (2010). Young children and the environment: Early education for sustainability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Diamond, A. (2015). Effects of physical exercise on executive functions: Going beyond simply moving to moving with thought. Annals of Sports Medicine and Research, 2(1), 1011.

Dick, W., Carey, L., dan Carey, J. O. (2015). The systematic design of instruction (8th ed.). New York: Pearson.

Eckert, M. A., Leonard, C. M., Possing, E. T., dan Binder, J. R. (2015). Uncoupled cortical asymmetry and individual differences in verbal and visuospatial ability. Cerebral Cortex, 16(4), 559–568.

Fjortoft, I. (2001). The natural environment as a playground for children: The impact of outdoor play activities in pre-primary school children. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(2), 111–117.

Fjortoft, I. (2004). Landscape as playscape: The effects of natural environments on children’s play and motor development. Children, Youth and Environments, 14(2), 21–44.

Gallahue, D. L., Ozmun, J. C., dan Goodway, J. D. (2012). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Gill, T. (2014). The benefits of children’s engagement with nature: A systematic literature review. Children, Youth and Environments, 24(2), 10–34.

Hake, R. R. (1998). Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses. American Journal of Physics, 66(1), 64–74.

Kaplan, R., dan Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Knight, S. (2013). Forest school and outdoor learning in the early years (2nd ed.). London: SAGE.

Kuo, M., Barnes, M., dan Jordan, C. (2019). Do experiences with nature promote learning? Converging evidence of a cause-and-effect relationship. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 305.

Logan, S. W., Robinson, L. E., Wilson, A. E., dan Lucas, W. A. (2015). Getting the fundamentals of movement: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 38(3), 305–315.

Louv, R. (2008). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books.

Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., Cliff, D. P., Barnett, L. M., dan Okely, A. D. (2010). Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents. Sports Medicine, 40(12), 1019–1035.

Miles, M. B., dan Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

Newell, K. M. (1986). Constraints on the development of coordination. In M. G. Wade dan H. T. A. Whiting (Eds.), Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control (pp. 341–360). Dordrecht: Nijhoff.

Nicholson, S. (1971). How not to cheat children: The theory of loose parts. Landscape Architecture, 62, 30–34.

Noor, F. A., dan Rahayu, D. (2023). Pemetaan program aktivitas fisik anak usia dini di lembaga PAUD Kota Yogyakarta. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 17(2), 134–147.

Prasetya, B., dan Suparno. (2019). Pengembangan media pembelajaran berbasis alam untuk stimulasi kognitif anak usia dini. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak, 8(1), 12–22.

Saputri, D., Wahyudi, A., dan Marlina. (2021). Pengembangan program motorik kasar berbasis permainan tradisional untuk anak usia 4–6 tahun. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(2), 1423–1434.

Somporn, P., dan Chatuporn, U. (2018). Effects of nature-based outdoor play on gross motor skills of preschool children in Thailand. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 9(3), e62672.

Stodden, D. F., Goodway, J. D., Langendorfer, S. J., Roberton, M. A., Rudisill, M. E., Garcia, C., dan Garcia, L. E. (2008). A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity. Quest, 60(2), 290–306.

Sugiarto, B., Prasetya, A., dan Lestari, W. (2021). Nature-based play and gross motor development in Indonesian preschoolers: An observational study. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(3), 1521–1530.

Sugiyono. (2019). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Sumantri, M. S., Rosmala, D., dan Nurani, Y. (2019). Validasi instrumen TGMD-3 untuk anak usia dini Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 25(1), 31–40.

Tovey, H. (2007). Playing outdoors: Spaces and places, risk and challenge. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Ulrich, D. A. (2000). Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). Austin: PRO-ED.

Ulrich, D. A. (2016). Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3): Administration, scoring, and normative information. Austin: PRO-ED.

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Wahyudi, A., Supriyanto, A., dan Wiyani, N. A. (2020). Pengembangan kurikulum berbasis alam untuk anak usia dini. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 4(2), 900–912.

Waltz, C. F., Strickland, O. L., dan Lenz, E. R. (2010). Measurement in nursing and health research (4th ed.). New York: Springer.

Wells, N. M., dan Evans, G. W. (2003). Nearby nature: A buffer of life stress among rural children. Environment and Behavior, 35(3), 311–330.