A MODALITY ANALYSIS ON PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION AT 2019 IN INDONESIA: MULTICULTURAL STUDY

A text modality system is a set of views, judgments, and opinions about linguistic phenomena. The theory used in this research is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), which M.A.K Halliday initiated. This study's problem was to analyze the types and values of the modalities in the debate related to multicultural perspective. The data used in this study were 183 clauses and were analyzed qualitatively by using Functional Systemic Linguistic theory. Based on the results obtained through data analysis, Joko Widodo (Jokowi) nominated a probability modalization that shows the clause function as an exchange of information to express the speaker's attitude towards what he stated. Meanwhile, 80 types of modalities were found in Prabowo Subianto. They were nominated with the necessary modalities, which indicated that personal opinions or considerations were mandatory for the goods and services offered or requested.


INTRODUCTION
Modality is part of the meaning between the people. The meaning of interpersonal is an action taken by language users in exchanging linguistic experiences which are represented in the meaning of experience or other words, the meaning of interpersonal is the meaning that is about the experience or in conjunction with carrying out 'action' in language users can give consideration, personal opinion, and explain comments in the speech conveyed. All these elements of consideration are called modalities. Halliday (1994: 75) modality deals with the speaker's judgment of the probabilities or the obligations involved in what he is saying" that is, modality means consideration for language users in the form of the possibility or necessity of what is conveyed. Besides, the interpersonal function is related to enforcing interpersonal relationships through the language used. The words were spoken by a person compulsion be influenced by their thoughts, feelings, and personal experiences. If one story is told to two people, if the two people are asked to retell it, then the story compulsion sounds a little different, such as differences in word choice or many additional statements caused by mixing thoughts and views or experiences, personal of the speaker. This shows that everyone is talking with their version. This is strongly influenced by a person's personal opinion regarding the possibilities, desires, or permissions in his opinion on the things being discussed (Saragih, 2006: 76). This study discussed the modality used in presidential debates by Joko Widodo and Prabowo related to multiculturalism.
Presidential debates are meaningful language activities, and anything meaningful is said to be text. Meanwhile, the presidential candidate debate is a text that means that they are presidential candidates leading the nation and the state. President is a position name used for the leadership of an organization, company, university, or country. The term "president" is mainly used for the head of a republic, whether elected directly through elections or indirectly. The findings in this study were to obtain the scheme and range of clause statements from the exposure of linguistic experiences of both presidential candidate Prabowo Subianto Joko Widodo in the presidential. the clause statement consists of a debate of the Republic of Indonesia in the 2019-2024 period.
The empirical phenomena have attracted attention in the 2019 presidential debate. The attitude of the presidential candidates' social language and the media's involvement included in the process of supporting the presidential candidates, the political and social conditions of society. Various linguistic contents of a persuasive presidential candidate, such as a subtle and euphemistic persuasion. There is more refined expression as a substitute for expressions that are considered rude and tend to trigger excessive fanaticism in society. The observed phenomena in presidential debates in 2019 have attracted researchers' attention in terms of the practice of the presidential candidate's language, debate procedures, and broadcast debate mechanisms on television. The candidate's second language strategy tends to leverage personal experience to build the nation. According to their team of experts, the presidential candidates' content talks mostly from survey evidence without comparison to lead to subjective claims.
A similar study about the modalities in the presidential candidate debate has been studied by several researchers. Irma Setiawan from Udayana University entitled "System of Modality on the Text of Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate on the Period of 2014 -2019". This study concluded that in the 2014-2019 debate as a whole, Joko Widodo's statement modality system was more convincing for Indonesian citizens than Prabowo Subianto's. Jokowi is superior in stating modalities with the theme of Indonesian development, natural resources, economic development, and defence systems in Indonesia as well as regarding foreign investors, which is inversely proportional to the research results in this thesis, in the Modality thesis in the Presidential Candidate Debate in the 2019 General Election, Joko Widodo has an attitude of probability "will", frequency of "always", compulsion " compulsion ", and a tendency to "want" which is dominated by Probability: Medium using the word "will" Joko Widodo has a range of considerations that include the causality of "promises" on policies has been promised by Joko Widodo.
The reasons for choosing this text are two things: the first is a state leader or a president as the head of government in carrying out government programs oriented to achieve the state's goal of becoming a just and prosperous country. Second, in terms of modality, the text of the presidential candidate debate in the 2019 election to the Indonesian people is a representation of leadership, which is a strengthening tool to influence the object being led because leadership brings its ideology, in the form of views, opinions, attitudes, or comments of presidential candidates on expressions. An experience is a form of social representation in society. Based on the background that has been written above, in this study, the researcher has several problems, namely, How is the realization of the types and values of modalities in the Presidential Candidate Debate text in the 2019 General Election? Eggins (2004: 172) states that "In between these two extremes are several choices of the degree of certainty or usuality: something is perhaps, something is not for sure. Something is sometimes, or something is not always. This means that there is always a compound in a modality, such as a degree of certainty or a habit, as well as a degree of frequency. Saragih (2006: 76) defines modality as the views, personal opinions, attitudes, or comments of language users regarding the exposure to experiences they convey in interactions. The definition above means that his thoughts, feelings compulsion influence it and personal experiences in every word uttered by a person.
If one story is told to two people, if the two people are asked to retell it, then the story compulsion sounds a little different, such as differences in word choice or many additional statements caused by mixing thoughts and views or experiences, personal of the speaker. This shows that everyone spoke with their version. It is very much influenced by a person's personal opinion about the possibility, desire, or permission of his opinion on the matter being discussed. Saragih (2006: 80) states that broadly based on the type, the modalities consist of the following: 1. Modalization is a personal opinion or consideration of language against a proposition, namely, the information stated or asked for. Modalization is divided into two types, namely: a) Probability is an intermediate level of probability. The probability in probability is certain, possible, and perhaps (Halliday, 1994: 89). Probability is a choice between polar 'yes' and 'no'. That is, maybe 'maybe' probability can be a determinant for analyzing modality.
b) Usuality is a combination of 'yes' and 'no' and an intermediate level of likelihood in the modality. The degree of possibility in sexuality is sometimes, usually, and always (Halliday, 1994: 89).
2. Modulation (modulation) is an opinion, or personal consideration of the proposal (proposal), namely the goods and services offered or requested. Both lie between the positive polar 'yes' and the negative 'no' of each action. In contrast, the modulation lies between doing a 'do' and not doing a 'don,' which consists of necessity and tendency. a) A necessity is "asked (is wanted)" for an order that is usually directed at the second person and is also called a bond (obligation) (Saragih, 2006). b) Trends The intermediate points in the proposal represent the degree of a trend in modulation. The type of middle level that is defined wants and wants (Halliday, 1994: 89). The tendency is the "wants (wants to)" for the action of "bid" which is usually directed at the first person and is also called inclination. The theoretical phenomenon that encourages researchers to analyze the 2019 presidential debate is the schema of linguistic experience and the lack of some previous related research. Halliday & Matthiessen (2004: 13) state in their study of Systematic Functional Linguistics, linguistic experiences come from non-linguistic experiences communicated by participants, which are referred to as text. The existence of text cannot be interpreted without the presence of context. Language is a semiotic system that represents resources to create meaning. Language is a resource for making meanings and meanings in a systemic choice pattern (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004: 23). LSF is a way we create meaning through language regulated through usage patterns (Fontaine, 2013: 5).
In discourse studies, the focus was only on the old written or spoken form Renkema (2009: 2). In terms of description, the researcher analyzed the debate text, describing the object produced when it is spoken related to multiculturalism. Examples of oral discourse such as one compulsion produce a 'text' by a transcript of the speech, but there are various ways to write it in speech, and the way one interprets text is bound to influence how one transcribes it (Fairclough, 1992: 26). Further, Renkema (2009: 277) states that discourse analysis methods are developed into the context of critical discourse analysis. Besides, the term discourse is central to critical discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysis as a framework to explain how discourse is influenced by the social, economic and political world (Van Leeuwen as quoted in Renkema, 2009: 8).
Their ideology and character determine the different views of debaters. The discussion of the diversity of views from a multicultural perspective is expected to make the concept's meaning understood fully and profoundly (Kusyadi, 2020: 15). As is commonly understood, certain community cultures consist of values, understandings, assumptions, and shared goals from previous generations. It is formed by members of the present society and move on to the next generation. It can be concluded that culture (local culture, national culture) will also affect the organization and the people in the organization (Kusyadi, 2020:1).

METHOD
This study used a qualitative method. This approach was taken to describe the narrative form without using statistical procedures. Bogdan & Taylor (1975) used written or spoken words and observable behavior. Besides, to analyze the multicultural data perspective was also used to describe the presidential election phenomenon in 2019. Multiculturalism is sometimes interpreted as an ideology, but what is certain is that it is a concept of an effort that calls for unity and different cultural groups with the same rights and socio-political status in modern society. The term multiculturalism is also often used to describe the unity of various ethnic groups within a country. Multiculturalism conflicts with monoculturalism and assimilation, which have been the norm in the nation-state paradigm since the early 19 th century (Bissondath, 2002).
The data were in the form of clauses that focus more on the modalities spoken by presidential candidates, namely Joko Widodo and Prabowo Subianto in the 2019 debate, which have modalities. Not all clauses have modalities. Therefore clauses without modalities were not data. In this study, the researcher found 545 clauses and 183 modalities clauses in the presidential candidate debate. In qualitative research, data collection was carried out using documentation, namely through the YouTube page. The data source was taken from the speech of Joko Widodo and Prabowo Subianto in the Presidential Candidate debate in the 2019 General Election in the 5th round of debates in segments one to five segments which were held in a debate round 5 on April 13, 2019, for Presidential Candidates 2019.
The reason the researchers chose debate round 5 to be the source of this research data was due to the themes of the vision and mission in segment one, economy and social welfare in segment 2, corruption and terrorism in segment three, and open debate in segment four and segment five which are very relative with the problems that exist in Indonesia today. The transcript of this debate was downloaded from a written source at http://debatcapres.bahasakita.co.id/. To validate the data source, the researcher checked the contents of the debate video text broadcast by TV One via the Youtube page https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPdKG9qytws.

• data condensation
• data display • data collection Bungin (2007: 139) states that there are six types of data collection methods in Indonesia. Qualitative research includes participatory observation, in-depth interviews, life history, document analysis, note-taking of each researcher, and media content analysis. Researchers chose one type of data collection method for this study, namely document analysis or content analysis. In qualitative content analysis, documents are a form of symbolic representation that can be recorded or documented or stored for analysis. Miles et al. (2014: 31) state that they define the analysis as three currents that are active simultaneously: data condensation, data display, and conclusion: drawing/verification. The steps for the data analysis component are as follows. Data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, or changing the data that appears as a source of research material, namely written field notes, interview transcripts, documents, and other empirical materials. Therefore, in this study in the form of debate transcripts from round 1 to round 5 on the website www.debatcapres.bahasakita.co.id, the data focuses on the transcript in round 5 in segment 1 to segment 5, which contains the vision and mission, economy and social welfare: corruption and terrorism, an open debate held on April 13, 2019. Displaying data is the second step in analyzing data.
As an approach in qualitative methods, researchers used the qualitative research methods of Miles et al. (2014). There are four qualitative research data analysis components. The decomposition of the components of data analysis is as follows:  Miles et al. (2014) state that an organized display, information formation, allows for drawing conclusions and actions. They claim that data display can be done by expanding the text and includes many types: outlines, graphs, charts, and networks. All are designed to collect information organized into a form that is easily summarized so that the researcher can see what is happening and draw justified conclusions or move on to the next analysis steps suggested by the view. Therefore, in this study, the data are displayed in the table. The third step of the analysis is drawing conclusions and verification. Miles et al. (2014: 13) prove that the conclusions are also verified due to the analysis. Verification is a second thought in analysis when writing. Therefore, in this study, conclusions and verification are made based on the findings and data analysis to answer the research problem.

Based on the types and values of the modalities in the Presidential Candidate
Debate's text in the 2019 General Election, four types and three modality values were found. In each type of modality in this debate, it is analyzed through several levels of modality values, namely high, medium, and low, after dividing the clause consisting of the modality into degrees of type, and the modality value in this text is discussed in tabular form.
The realization of the modality system as a representation of considerations, attitudes, beliefs, or views in the presidential candidates' debate text in the 2019 general election at Joko Widodo is dominated by modalization. This means that Jokowi uses the capitalization that serves as a proposition to provide information to convey information to the people about important matters in segments 1 to 5. Providing the information is used to offer some of the choices or targets promised to realize development goals. However, the information conveyed is inseparable from the choice of modalization as a marker of the degree of reality, namely how the speaker positions himself, does the speaker state the probability or frequency in providing his information, and how he positions himself between values (high, medium, low).
The choice of probability modalities used by Joko Widodo with a high degree is very few, namely only one modality, such as the clause:

'saya betul-betul menggunakan anggaran begitu kecil'
Joko Widodo used it to reinforce a situation he truly believed in. Through the metaphor of modality (betul-betul), he reminded that he did not use much of the budget when he was running for mayor of Solo and only used campaign assistance from volunteers. Like Joko Widodo, Prabowo Subianto has a modality dominated by compulsion modulation, represented by compulsion modality. Prabowo Subianto's modulation expressions, which are dominated by necessity with a high degree of function, are reasonable and proportional, meaning that modulation is imperative/instructive, as a differentiator between those in power and those under control is realized in a form that adheres to norms is a general imperative. Prabowo Subianto using high modulation presented by the lexical choice should be used by Prabowo as an expression to motivate all Indonesian people to create safe and prosperous conditions for society, such as clause 145: 'tapi kita harus berani mengoreksi diri' and in clause 265: 'KPK harus menjadi penegak korupsi' Besides, because the mandatory command value occurs predominantly at a high value, it means that Prabowo uses the compulsion modulation for alertness in expressing the belief that there is an attempt to achieve success (including implementation claims, equity, etc.).
Meanwhile, the medium probability is a type of modality; the second largest capitalization realized by dominating the choice of words will be in disclosure to offer the Indonesian people to become a better nation in the future. The distribution of values and percentages on the types of modality values is presented in the following table 2. Probability modalization occurs when someone states a condition or situation and something as a prediction that will happen in the future, highvalue probability shows 1, medium-degree probability capitalization shows 46, and low-value probability modalization shows a total of 9 in Joko Widodo's probability modalization of 56 (54.3%), is used to express personal opinions regarding the belief in the certainty or truth of the information stated. Frequent modalities have only one value in modality, namely a high value of 2 modalities (1.9%). The Probability, frequency, and its value realization to Joko Widodo is presented in the following table 3  Prabowo Subianto uses probability modalization and frequency in putting forward targets or promises such as probability capitalization. Prabowo uses 31 (38.7%) probabilities divided into three high probability, 24 medium probability, and four low probability. As a presidential candidate, Prabowo takes advantage of probability when discussing the welfare of Indonesia, which is realized with high probability, discussions of strengthening the KPK system, improving the quality of life of the Indonesian people, terrorism and others at medium probability and the use of low probability is used to discuss personal opinion estimates regarding efforts to eradicating corruption by officials by improving the quality of life. Table 5 show probability, frequency, and its value realization to Prabowo Subianto Modulation as a modality choice that implies imperative or commanding, in general, is reflected in Prabowo Subianto's statement. The terms modulation must be used to ask someone to do something for us, such as asking permission, directions, demanding and giving advice, modulation; 38 musts (47.5%) are divided into 35 high-value musts, and three low-value musts with the word must be categorized As a command deontic modality in discussing Indonesia's wealth, infrastructure development, the KPK and others, the low mandatory modulation was utilized by Prabowo when giving orders regarding Indonesia's development strategy. High-value necessity modulation tends to dominate in this debate. Table 6 show some examples of clauses used by Prabowo to reveal the imperative meaning clause and orders regarding terrorism in Indonesia.  6 shows that the use of modality showed high compulsion was dominant to strengthen the sentences. The choice of words showed the way of speech related to multiculturalism.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The analysis of the types and modality values of 545 clauses and 183 modalities was found in this study, namely the dominance of two presidential candidates in the presidential candidate debate in the 2019 general election. The level of modalization values nominated Joko Widodo; probability with a total of 56 modalities (54.3%) of medium value with the realization of the word 'will' serve as a proposition or information that Jokowi uses in expressing promises and plans for changes for Indonesia in the fields of economy, corruption, and other fields. Prabowo Subianto Prabowo's modality was found as many as 80 modalities (100%) with the dominance of Modulation: Requirement: High as much as 38 (47.5%), the modulation expression Prabowo must use to ask someone to do something such as asking permission, direction, demanding and giving advice on all topics of discussion. The different way of speech between Joko Widodo and Prabowo related to their ideology which is showed multiculturalism. It is suggested to do the further study through other core including language ideology, speech act on the presidential election, and another relevant study.