Physical Conditioning Programs in Volleyball: A Systematic Review of Methods, Outcomes, and Emerging Trends

Abstract

Modern volleyball requires athletes to have optimal physical condition to support technical and tactical performance. A systematic and evidence-based physical conditioning training program is key to preparing volleyball athletes to face high-intensity matches. This article aims to review various approaches and scientific findings related to physical conditioning training programs in volleyball using a systematic literature review method. Data were collected from various reputable international journals during the period 2000 to 2024 that focused on muscle strength, explosive power, agility, endurance, and injury prevention. The results of the review showed that the combination of strength and plyometric training consistently increased the height of the athlete's vertical jump and acceleration ability. Periodization training approaches, such as blocking and undulating, are effective in improving long-term physical adaptation. In addition, the application of training load monitoring technology and neuromuscular-based injury prevention programs are becoming new trend in the development of professional volleyball athletes. Although many studies have shown the effectiveness of certain training programs, there are limitations in longitudinal research and a lack of focus on conditioning based on the playing position and gender of the athlete. This article concludes that coaches and sports practitioners need to adopt an integrated, individualized, and evidence-based approach in designing physical conditioning training programs for volleyball athletes. This review also provides recommendations for future research directions, especially in the development of training protocols that are adaptive to the specific needs of athletes and the demands of modern competition.