Menjadi Merdeka dalam Kuasa: Dekonstruksi Identitas dan Warisan Budaya Komunitas Mardijkers Tugu Jakarta dalam Perspektif Foucault

Miftakhul Munir, Daya Negeri Wijaya, Dewa Agung Gede Agung

Abstract


Legal freedom in colonial societies did not necessarily imply independence from structures of power. The Mardijkers of Batavia exemplified this paradox as formerly enslaved people who acquired free status while remaining under VOC control. This article examines colonial power relations in shaping their social status and cultural identity. Employing a qualitative historical approach, the study combines literature-based research and discourse analysis informed by Michel Foucault's concepts of governmentality and subjectivation. The findings indicate that residential arrangements, religious affiliation, and social roles functioned as mechanisms of colonial control that restricted Mardijker autonomy. Nevertheless, the community actively negotiated its identity through the continuity of Tugu keroncong music, Portuguese Creole, and religious traditions. The article argues that Mardijker freedom represented a legal status that coexisted with colonial regulation, while cultural practices provided a space for intergenerational identity negotiation.

 

Abstrak

Status merdeka dalam masyarakat kolonial tidak selalu berarti terbebas dari kekuasaan. Komunitas Mardijkers di Batavia memperlihatkan paradoks tersebut sebagai kelompok bekas budak yang memperoleh kebebasan hukum, tetapi tetap berada dalam pengendalian VOC. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis relasi kuasa kolonial dalam pembentukan status sosial dan identitas kultural Mardijkers. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan sejarah kualitatif melalui studi kepustakaan dan analisis wacana berdasarkan konsep governmentality dan subjectivation Michel Foucault. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan permukiman, afiliasi keagamaan, dan peran sosial menjadi mekanisme pengendalian kolonial yang membatasi otonomi Mardijkers. Namun, komunitas ini turut membentuk identitasnya melalui keberlanjutan musik keroncong Tugu, bahasa Kreol Portugis, dan tradisi keagamaan. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa kebebasan Mardijkers merupakan status hukum yang berlangsung bersamaan dengan pengendalian kolonial, sedangkan praktik budaya menjadi ruang negosiasi identitas lintas generasi.


Keywords


Mardijkers; Batavia; colonial power; cultural identity; cultural heritage.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/factum.v15i1.90357

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