Analysis of Vocational School Development Based on Regional Potential Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

This study aims to analyze the development of Vocational High School (SMK) based on regional potential in Cimahi City, Indonesia. This study is descriptive research. This study was conducted in Cimahi City, West Java Province, Indonesia. The population and sample of this study were all the potentials of the region and the industrial fields in the City of Cimahi, West Java and the fields/programs/competencies of SMKs in the City of Cimahi. Data in this study were collected using documentation, interview and observation methods. The Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used as the method of analyzing regional potentials using Minitab Statistical Software version 14. Based on the results of this study it was found that the development of Vocational High Schools is based on regional potential in Cimahi City and based on the analysis of Vocational Development Levels in Cimahi City by using the PCA analysis method based on indicators education such as Total Population Ages 16-18, Student Ratio per School, Student Ratio per Class, Student Ratio per Teacher, and Gross Participation Rate (GPR) in 3 (three) Districts of Cimahi City found that the lowest PCA 1 for the three districts is in South Cimahi District (-1026.02). This means that the priority location I for the development of SMK is South Cimahi District. It is then followed by Central Cimahi Subdistrict (-644.19) which becomes priority location II for the development of SMK. And Priority III is the District of North Cimahi (-435.5). With these findings, the Office of Education, especially in the area of Vocational Secondary Education in the Cimahi City, West Java, should pay attention to the development of vocational schools which requires careful study in establishing vocational schools based on the potential of the region. Article history: Received: 14 October 2019 Received in revised form: 02 December 2019 Accepted: 20 January 2020 Available online: 29 February 2020


Introduction
BPS data released in 2019 stated that the number of unemployment at the open unemployment rate (TPT) as of February 2019 was 6.82 million people, or decreased by 50,000 compared to February 2018, which was 6.87 million people. The number of the unemployed, which is equal to 5.01% of the total workforce of 136.18 million people, is from vocational high school (VOCATIONAL SCHOOL) graduate, followed by diploma I, II, and III, then high school. Based on

Innovation of Vocational Technology Education
Available online at http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/invotec This study aims to analyze the development of Vocational High School (SMK) based on regional potential in Cimahi City, Indonesia. This study is descriptive research. This study was conducted in Cimahi City, West Java Province, Indonesia. The population and sample of this study were all the potentials of the region and the industrial fields in the City of Cimahi, West Java and the fields/programs/competencies of SMKs in the City of Cimahi. Data in this study were collected using documentation, interview and observation methods. The Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used as the method of analyzing regional potentials using Minitab Statistical Software version 14. Based on the results of this study it was found that the development of Vocational High Schools is based on regional potential in Cimahi City and based on the analysis of Vocational Development Levels in Cimahi City by using the PCA analysis method based on indicators education such as Total Population Ages 16-18, Student Ratio per School, Student Ratio per Class, Student Ratio per Teacher, and Gross Participation Rate (GPR) in 3 (three) Districts of Cimahi City found that the lowest PCA 1 for the three districts is in South Cimahi District (-1026.02). This means that the priority location I for the development of SMK is South Cimahi District. It is then followed by Central Cimahi Subdistrict (-644.19) which becomes priority location II for the development of SMK. And Priority III is the District of North Cimahi (-435.5). With these findings, the Office of Education, especially in the area of Vocational Secondary Education in the Cimahi City, West Java, should pay attention to the development of vocational schools which requires careful study in establishing vocational schools based on the potential of the region. 2019 BPS data, the unemployment rate based on education is still held by vocational graduates, which amounts to 8.63%. Then, diploma I / II / III graduates at 6.89%, high school graduates at 6.78%, and university graduates at 6.24%. Then junior high school graduates at 5.04% and elementary school graduates at 2.65%. Unemployment in Indonesia is still a major development problem. From the above data it can be seen that the lowest unemployment rate based on education is elementary school graduates. Meirawan, Ana, and Saripudin (2018) argue that the high unemployment rate is caused by the lack of available jobs, in addition to the inadequate quality of vocational graduates in the industrial world both in terms of knowledge, skills and attitudes. The type of expertise that graduates with the job market demand is not yet suitable due to the finding of various obstacles, one of which is the perceived constraints of problems that arise in the learning process, such as lack of competency of students, lack of support for school facilities and infrastructure. Continual improvement in the learning process must continue to be pursued. One of the steps taken to improve the quality of learning is to evaluate the learning program (Sudjani, 2016).
With the above conditions, the government policy to improve the quality of vocational school graduates to be ready to work (Mayuni & Sukerti, 2016) revealed that for the government, there should not be partial measures in helping vocational schools in improving the quality of their graduates. It seems that concrete steps are needed to regulate the business and industrial world in order to assist vocational schools in implementing joint programs in an effort to prepare a ready workforce. Preparation of rules or even laws that bind all business and industry sectors in realizing this collaboration. DUDI nationalism is built by starting from making laws and rules that bind them towards the direction of building a strong nation.
In addition, organizing of vocational schools is not built based on the potential and location of the region (Meirawan, Ana, & Saripudin, 2018), thus the location of vocational schools is not centered at one point, the location of the school must not be far from educational activities, settlements, and access to transportation to enable students to easily access it. School locations must also be supported by strategic regional conditions in the hope of supporting learning in order to produce quality graduates.
For this reason, it is important for the government to reorganize education planning in order to improve the quality of education (Enoch, 1995). Vocational planning based on regional potentials is expected to bring vocational graduates to work in cities / districts based on the potential of their respective regions. Regional potential can have more economic value if there are human resources who are able to manage it well. Improving the quality and relevance of education is a government policy in improving the quality of Indonesian human resources in line with changes in the education and business world, and professionalism in all fields including education is needed. Increasing the relevance of education is a policy aimed at making education output more oriented towards meeting the working world and the needs of the business and industrial world. Therefore, the relevance of formal and non-formal education processes needs to be directed so that students, both at the secondary education level, especially vocational and at the tertiary level, are better prepared to enter the workforce.
Article 31 of the Indonesian 1945 Constitution concerning the national education system states that the national education system must always be developed in accordance with the needs and developments that occur at the local, national and global level. Thus, education is considered as a means of forming quality human resources, and the government needs to do comprehensive planning involving economic, population, educational and potential natural resource indicators.
Vocational education is education that prepares students to work in certain fields (National Education System Law No 20 Tahun 2003). In addition, the Vocational High School is a national education system with its main task preparing graduates to enter the workforce, filling the needs of intermediate skilled workers. Permendiknas No. 29 of 1990 Article 1 paragraph 3 states that, Vocational Education is education at a secondary level that prioritizes developing the ability of students to carry out certain types of work. For this reason, in relation to regional potential development, there needs to be harmony between regional potential development policies and increasing human resources, so that the application of policies prioritizes vocational high schools that can accommodate school-age population by developing regions and carrying out development in their respective regions. Amalia (2018) revealed the results of research conducted in Medan that there were several factors of vocational education (VOCATIONAL SCHOOL) that could support regional development planning in Medan including: (a) the number of vocational students indicating community interest or junior high school graduates to continue their education to the VOCATIONAL SCHOOL level, (b) the number of VOCATIONAL SCHOOL units for junior high school graduates, (c) the quality of VOCATIONAL SCHOOL graduates to be able to compete in the labor market, and (d) the business / industrial world (DUDI) that accepts VOCATIONAL SCHOOL graduates in the labor market. With the above problems, this research is expected to be able to analyze the development of Vocational High Schools based on regional potential, so that graduates of Vocational High Schools can be directed to develop their respective regions. Therefore, this research is directed to conduct a study of the development of regional-based VOCATIONAL SCHOOL potential using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. PCA is to establish priority handling of matters that are more basic than the structure of the problems faced, so that the efficiency and effectiveness of problem handling can be further improved. PCA is used as an analysis of determining priorities for the development of vocational schools. With the PCA method, based on the education indicators of each sub-district used, it is possible to know the location in the sub-district where vocational schools are prioritized.

Methods
The research method used in this research is the qualitative description method. The qualitative approach was chosen in this study because of several considerations, including: (1) This research is an attempt to find problems related to the condition of vocational schools and how they relate to the development of vocational schools based on the development of regional potential. (2) This research is more inductive, meaning that researchers tried to find problems based on data and were open to further research. (3) This research is conducted in a reasonable situation and prioritizes qualitative data. Cimahi Subdistrict consists of 6 smaller subdistricts and South Cimahi Subdistrict consists of 5 smaller subdistricts. Geographically this region is a basin valley that slopes to the south, with an altitude in the north ± 1,040 meters above sea level (Cipageran Village, North Cimahi District), which is the slope of Mount Burangrang and Mount Tangkuban Perahu and height in the south is around ± 685 meters above sea level (as high as Melong Village, Cimahi Selatan District) which leads to the Citarum River. The river that passes through Cimahi City is the Cimahi River, with five tributaries, namely Cibodas River, Ciputri, Cimindi, Cibeureum and Cisangkan River, while the springs found in Cimahi City are Cikuda springs and Cisintok springs.    Cimahi City and West Java, the value weighing was done using the Location Quotient (LQ) analysis method. For details on calculating LQ analysis, regional potential for GRDP, see Table 6 below:       In addition, the area of business and management expertise has the potential to be developed, because the potential of supermarkets and financial institutions is quite adequate.

Results and Discussion
Source: Survey and data from http://dapo.dikdasmen.kemdikbud.go.id/)   that the development of vocational schools in the field of business and management expertise has a pretty good chance. Whereas Technology and Engineering expertise programs needs a little consideration, as the industry potential is small. The following is presented in Figure 10 11.12% and industry 5.99% and other jobs at 28.83%. The most potential of the business world is 82 food and beverage processing, 56 woven industries, 7 wood industries, 4 restaurants and 9 food stalls. Green tea is the most prominent processing product in Sindangkerta.    Based on the indicators of educational equality, the lowest percentage of APK obtained for secondary education is in the Central Cimahi District, which is 21.84%.
One of the benefits of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is to set priorities for handling things that are more basic than the structure of the problems faced, so that the efficiency and effectiveness of problem handling can be further improved (Dermoredjo & Noekman, 2009;Dermoredjo 2017). PCA was used as an analysis to determine the priority of Vocational Development with the PCA method, based on the education indicators of each district used, it was possible to know the location in which Vocational School was prioritized, determining priority points by looking at the smallest score of PCA 1 (Dermoredjo & Noekman, 2009  Eigenvalue values for the five components can be seen in Figure 12 below. The factoring process is stopped at components with eigenvalue value below 1 (0.0000). Eigenvalue is the value of the main component variant (Principal Component, PC). Determination of the number of components to be used is very subjective. In this case, the two components of PC1 and PC2 that represent 100 percent of total diversity can be judged to be sufficient to capture the data structure, even using only the first component is sufficient to capture the data structure by looking at the criteria for an eigenvalue value greater than 1. Other components having a small proportion of diversity can be considered insignificant. This can be seen in Figure 14 below. From the scree plot, it can be seen that eigenvalue above 1 is only 2. This proves that only two factors can be formed.  Figure 15 above, it can be seen in the score plot that eigenvalue which above 0.0 have 2 components. This proves that only two factors can be formed, namely PC1 and PCA 2.

Conclusion
Regional potentials in Cimahi City are mostly industrial areas, prominent economic potentials are office potential, home industry/ craft, creative industry, and food/ beverage processing. The main finding of this study is that there are still gaps between vocational school vocational expertise programs in Cimahi City that are not in accordance with the availability of industry in each district.
Findings from the results of the Location Quotient (LQ) analysis show that the potential of the Cimahi City area that has basic criteria (LQ> 1) are the processing industry, construction, wholesale and retail trade, car and bicycle repairs, Information and Communication, Financial Services and Insurance, Government Administration, Mandatory Defense and Social Security, Educational Services, and Health Services and Social Activities. This means that the development of vocational schools can be directed at the field / program / competency of expertise in accordance with the potential of the area above. The findings based on Principle Component Analysis (PCA) show that the development of CMS in Cimahi City that becomes priority I is that Vocational Schools in Cimahi Selatan subdistrict are to obtain a PCA score of -1026.02. then followed by Central Cimahi District (-644.19), which became priority location II, and North Cimahi District (-435.5) as Priority III.