Morphological Analysis of Compound Form ( Fukugoudoushi ) Verb+ Ageru in Japanese

This study aims to investigate the formation and meaning of fukugoudoushi or compound verb formed from the Verb+ ageru . This study is a qualitative descriptive research. The total of 35 data is in the form of sentences in data sources taken from the 2021 edition of the NHK Japan articles. The data collection method is the note-taking method. Data analysis uses the distributional method with advanced techniques for direct elements, namely by dividing the fukugoudoushi forming elements into front and back elements. Furthermore, it explains the characteristics of the front elements based on the theory of Kindaichi (1989) which divides doushi into 4 groups, namely joutaidoushi , keizokudoushi , shunkandoushi , and daiyonshu-doushi . The results showed that out of 35 data analyzed there were front elements of fukugoudoushi ~ageru in the form of tadoushi-keizokudoushi (20 data), tadoushi-shunkandoushi (9 data), jidoushi-keizokudoushi (1 datum), jidoushi-shunkandoushi (3 data), and futsuumeishi (2 data). The meanings resulting from the formation of fukugoudoushi ~ageru include showing direction, showing improvement, showing high value, expressing self-demeaning, and ending an activity.


INTRODUCTION
Japanese is one of the languages that has the most speakers in the world with more than 125 million native Japanese speakers (Ethnologue SIL International, 2021).According to the results of a survey by The Japan Foundation, in 2015 as many as 137 countries held Japanese language learning in their countries, while in 2018 142 countries held it.In other words, the number of Japanese language learners is increasing year by year.
Indonesia is ranked 2nd after China in the highest number of Japanese language learners in the world with 709,479 learners in 2,879 Japanese language learning institutions.
Each language has a part of speech that groups words according to their own rules.Japanese has a slightly different grouping of parts of speech from other languages.The class division of words in Japanese is called hinshi bunrui (Sudjianto, 2004).Vocabulary in Japanese is quite numerous and diverse so it requires a high understanding for foreign language learners to learn it (Istiqomah, e-ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 2015).Based on its grammatical characteristics, vocabulary in Japanese is classified into 10 groups, that is doushi (verb), keiyoushi (adjective-i), keiyoudoushi (adjective-na), meishi (noun), fukushi (adverb), rentaishi (pronoun), setsuzokushi (conjunction), kandoushi (interjection), jodoushi (auxiliary verb), and joushi (particle) (Sudjianto, 2004).
Both in Japanese and other languages of the world, verbs are the most frequently used group of words because their use is always related with all activities in everyday life.Sudjianto (2004) explains that doushi are used to express the activity, existence, and state of things.Doushi can stand alone as a sentence, become a predicate, and has changes.In addition, doushi can also be combined with other parts of speech, such as keiyoushi, meishi, or with other doushi that will form a compound word (fukugougo).If doushi is combined with another word and forms a new verb, in Japanese the combined word is called fukugoudoushi (compound verb) (Terada in Sudjianto, 2004).
The compound word (fukugoudoushi) is a combination of lexeme which forms a word.The combined lexeme has a special phonological, grammatical, and semantic pattern according to the rules of the language in question (Kridalaksana, 1982).Compound words called fukugougo in Japanese, which is a word formed from the result of combining two or more words.Fukugougo is divided into four types, that is fukugoudoushi (compound verb), fukugoumeishi (compound noun), fukugoukeiyoushi (compound adjective), and fukugoufukushi (compound adverb).
Fukugoudoushi is formed from 2 free morphemes consisting of the front element and the back element.The back element of fukugoudoushi has seven functions, namely showing aspects, showing directions, showing the process of deeds, showing changes in relationships with objects, strengthening meanings, showing the results of deeds, and showing the relationship between verbs that show the results of deeds (Hayashi, 1990).Fukugoudoushi is often used in everyday speech, television broadcasts, newspapers, magazines, articles, scientific works, and signs posted in public places.One example is fukugoudoushi which formed from the verb+ageru 「~上げる」 (Tanaka, 2004).
However, the above research on fukugoudoushi is largely focused only on the archetype of its formation and meaning alone.While this research also focuses on the verb characteristics of the fukugoudoushi forming element ~ageru seen from the point of view of aspects as well as the point of view of objects, this research also focused on fukugoudoushi ~ageru from morphological and semantic points of views which is still rarely studied.
The merging of two or more verbs that cause a specific change in meaning as well as the many uses of fukugoudoushi which have the back element of the verb ~ageru can cause difficulties in translating into Indonesian.For example, in the word kiriageru 「切り上げる」 which lexically consists of kiru which means 'to cut' and ageru which means 'to raise' then an ambiguous meaning will be created, that 'cutting and raising something'.However, the true meaning of kiriageru is grammatically closing, shortening, or finishing early.Translation errors in the example above can occur, therefore detailed research is needed so that Japanese language learners avoid mistakes in understanding words and their meanings.Based on the problems, the researcher intends to further research fukugoudoushi formed from the Verb +ageru in Japanese.

RESEARCH METHODS
This research is a qualitative descriptive research using a morphological approach and semantic studies.It describes the verb characteristics of the forming elements and meanings elicited by fukugoudoushi formed from the verb ~ageru from e-ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 the sentences obtained in the data source.The data are taken from the 2021 edition of the NHK Japan online article.
Data collection in this study uses the observation method, which is a data collection method carried out by observing the use of the language under study.After that, it is continued with the note-taking technique which is an advanced technique of the basic technique in the form of a tapping technique.The note-taking technique is carried out by recording the results of the observation from data sources in the form of data or information relevant to the research (Mahsun, 2005).This technique is used because the source of the data is in the form of written sentences contained in a document in the form of an article.The sentences in Japanese that have been collected are checked using dictionaries and validators to ensure that the translation of data into Indonesian is ensured to be appropriate.
The data source used for this study is in the form of online articles published in the 2021 edition of NHK Japan online article.NHK Japan is a broadcast media that presents news from Japan, Asia, and even the whole world in Japanese.Not only can it be accessed by Japanese citizens, but this online article is also often accessed by readers around the world.Both just to read the news and to learn Japanese through the sentences in the article.Many sentences are also found that contain fukugoudosuhi ~ageru, so to make it easier for readers to understand the exact meaning in the sentence, more research is needed on fukugoudosuhi ~ageru.
Data processing in this study uses the distributional method, which is a data analysis method with a determining instrument in the form of parts or elements of the language concerned itself (Sudaryanto, 1993).Data analysis techniques use dividing elements, that is, techniques that divide a construction over the elements that make up that construction.The data is processed by dividing the fukugoudoushi ~ageru forming element into front element and back element to find out the verb characteristics that can be followed by the verb ~ageru.Then look for the basic meaning of each constituent element, followed by analyzing the new meaning formed from the merger of the words.The last step is to draw conclusions from the data that has been analyzed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis was carried out by grouping data into verb groups based on verb classification by Kindaichi (1989), creating categories of meanings, charting patterns of formation, describing the shape, changes, and characteristics of words followed by the verb ~ageru, as well as the basic meaning of each forming element and meaning generated by the incorporation of verbs in the analyzed data.

The Formation of Tadoushi (Transitive Verb) +Ageru as Fukugodoushi
Fukugoudoushi which has the preposition element of the verb tadoushi is formed by verbs undergoing renyoukei conjugation, that is, the change from the dictionary form to the form ~masu.So that the front element is divided into two morphemes, that is morphemes that have lexical meanings (root words) and morphemes that have grammatical meanings (auxiliary verbs ) (Niimi , Yamaura , & Utsuno , 1987 ).Morphemes denoting auxiliary verbs are omitted and the root word of the obverse verb of the ~masu form is attached by the verb ~ageru .Figure 1 shows the formation of Fukugoudoushi ~Ageru.Fukugoudoushi ~ageru formed with the formation pattern of tadoushi (keizokudoushi) + ageru forms several meanings as follows.

Showing Direction
Data that have a meaning of showing direction (upwards) is as seen in example (1). ( Fukugoudoushi 取り上げる 'toriageru' is formed from the verb toru as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.When viewed from an aspect point of view, the verb toru attached to the verb ageru is a keizokudoushi (continuity verb) in the form of tadoushi (transitive) which in its use requires an object.The object in this sentence is the kono mondai 'this issue'.The incorporation of the verbs toru meaning 'to take', 'to grab', and ageru 'to raise' in this sentence contains the meaning of 'raising', and the meaning can be described as 'raising the problem for discussion'.Fukugoudoushi toriageru in this sentence is still attached to the basic meaning of each of its constituent elements.

Showing Improvement
Data that have a meaning of showing improvement (leading to a better thing) is as seen in example (2). ( Fukugoudoushi 磨 き 上 げ る 'migakiageru' is formed from the verb migaku as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.When viewed from the aspect point of view, the verb migaku attached to the verb ageru is a keizokudoushi (continuity verb) in the form of tadoushi (transitive) verb which requires an object.The object in this sentence is sore 'it (referring to having a tradition of handicraft and manufacturing)'.In this sentence, the verb migaku meaning 'to polish', 'to fix', and ageru 'to raise', and 'to increase' in this sentence forms the meaning of '(If I) fix'.In this context the fukugoudoushi migakiageru means 'if the effort is improved it will be better' which is attached to the basic meaning of each constituent element.

Showing High Value
Data that have the meaning to show high value (of a quantitative) is as seen in example (3).
( Fukugoudoushi つり上げる 'tsuriageru' is formed from the verb tsuru as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.The hiku verb attached to the verb ageru is a keizokudoushi (continuity verb) in the form of tadoushi (transitive) which in its use requires an object.The object in this sentence is kabu no kakaku 'stock price'.The combination of the verbs tsuru meaning 'to hang' and ageru 'to raise', 'to elevate' in this sentence forms the meaning of 'raise' which contextually means 'hanging something at a higher level (value)'.Fukugoudoushi tsuriageru is still attached to the basic meaning of each constituent elements.

Expressing Self-demeaning
Data that have a meaning to expressing selfdemeaning is as seen in example (4).( 4

申す (mōsu)
Fukugoudoushi 申 し 上 げ る 'mōshiageru' is formed from the verb mōsu as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.The verb mōsu attached to the verb ageru is a keizokudoushi (continuity verb) in the form of tadoushi (transitive) which requires an object.The object in this sentence is o-mimai 'condolences'.The merger of the verb mōsu meaning 'to say' and ageru 'to raise' briefly means 'expressing'.The verb ageru can mean 'doing something real' in its use for some specific conditions.As in this sentence the context meaning is 'saying (issuing a statement) regarding the thing that needs to be expressed'.In the sentence, the new meaning formed indicates an activity carried out to express condolences against something that has happened (using polite language) and still attached to the basic meaning of each of its constituent elements.

Ending an Activity
Data that has the meaning of the ending of an activity as seen in example (5).
( Fukugoudoushi 書き上げる 'kakiageru' (write) is formed from the verb kaku as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.When viewed from its' aspect, the verb kaku attached to ageru is a keizokudoushi (continuity verb) in the form of tadoushi (transitive) which use requires an object.The object in this sentence is the kono kai 'this episode'.The combination of the verb kaku meaning 'to write' and ageru 'to raise' briefly has the meaning of '(has) written'.
The verb ageru in the sentence no longer attaches the basic meaning of 'raising', but has a new meaning of 'doing an activity until finished'.Based on the meaning of each constituent element, the meaning formed was 'have written to completion', it means that the activity of writing the story has been carried out from beginning to end e-ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 (completed) by the target as has been planned, which is the completion of one episode of the story.It is known that in fukugoudoushi kakiageru is still attached to the basic meaning of its front element, but it is no longer attached to the basic meaning of the back element so it formed a new meaning.

Showing Direction
Data that have a meaning of showing direction (upwards) are analyzed as follows. (

拾う (hirou)
Fukugoudoushi 拾い上げる 'hiroiageru' is formed from the verb hirou as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.From its' aspect, the verb hirou attached to the verb ageru is a shunkandoushi (punctual verb) in the form of tadoushi (transitive) which in its use requires an object.The object in this sentence is koe 'voice'.The merging of the verb hirou meaning 'to pick up', 'to find', and ageru 'to raise', 'to increase' briefly contains the meaning of 'raised', and the contextual meaning is 'something taken from the bottom towards the top'.Fukugoudoushi hiroiageru in this sentence is still attached to the basic meaning of each of its constituent elements.

Showing Improvement
Data that have a meaning of showing improvement (leading to a better thing) is as seen in example ( 7). ( 7 Fukugoudoushi ま と め 上 げ る 'matomeageru' is formed from the verb matomeru as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.When viewed from its' aspect, the verb matomeru attached to the verb ageru is a shunkandoushi (punctual verb) in the form of tadoushi (transitive) which in its use requires an object.The object in this sentence is nihonjin horyo-tachi 'Japanese prisoner of war'.The combination of verb matomeru which means 'to summarize', 'to collect', and ageru 'to raise', 'to increase' in this sentence construct the meaning of 'uniting' or 'collecting separate things into one'.The verb ageru also means 'improve' and indicates that an activity carried out is towards a better level.Fukugoudoushi matomeageru is still attached to the basic meaning of each constituent element.

Showing High Value
Data that have the meaning of showing high value (quantitatively) is as seen in example ( 8). ( 8 Fukugoudoushi 買い上げる 'kaiageru' is formed from the verb kau as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.When viewed from its' aspect, the verb hiku attached to the verb ageru is a shunkandoushi (punctual verb) in the form of tadoushi (transitive) which use requires an object.The object in this sentence is kabushiki 'shares'.The combination of the verbs kau meaning 'to buy' and ageru 'to raise', 'to increase' in this sentence contains the meaning of '(has) bought' or 'have bought something in order to obtain a higher value' which means that the purchase of 'shares' is expected to provide (increase) better results than before.It can be known that fukugoudoushi kaiageru in this sentence is still attached to the basic meaning of each of its constituent elements.

Ending an Activity
Data that has the meaning of the ending of an activity is seen in example ( 9). ( 9) 意図が伝わらないと感じたのか、裁判官が質問 を途中で切り上げることもあった。 Ito ga tsutawaranai to kanjita no ka, saibankan ga shitsumon o tochū de kiriageru koto mo atta.'Judges sometimes end questions halfway through, perhaps because they feel their purpose is not being conveyed.'(NHK Japan Online Article September 16, 2021) Fukugoudoushi 切り上げる 'kiriageru' is formed from the verb kiru as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.When viewed from an aspect point of view, the verb kiru attached to the verb ageru is a shunkandoushi (punctual verb) in the form of tadoushi (transitive) which use requires an object.The object in this sentence is the shitsumon 'question'.So to adjust the context of the sentence based on the object, the combination of the verb kiru which means 'to cut', and ageru 'to raise', briefly has the meaning of 'to end'.
The basic meaning of the verb kiru 'cut' is not completely lost, in the context of this sentence it can be interpreted as 'cutting time'.In addition, the verb ageru which means 'to raise' has a new meaning of 'doing an activity to completion'.The context meaning in this sentence is 'to take action (cut time) in order for an activity to end', meaning that the activity being carried out is stopped before the specified time with a certain intention that the activity will end immediately.It is known that fukugoudoushi kiriageru is still attached to the basic meaning of its front element, but it is no longer attached to the basic meaning of the back element of its formation and constructs a new meaning.

The Formation of Jidoushi (Intransitive Verb)+Ageru as Fukugodoushi
The fukugoudoushi formation using jidoushi (Intransitive verb) is the same as the formation of tadoushi as the front element.Fukugoudoushi ~ageru can be formed with (jidoushi) + ageru with the characteristics of the front elements in the form of keizokudoushi (continuity verbs) and shunkandoushi (punctual verbs ) (Hayashi , 1990 ).It is further described as follows.

Showing Direction
Data that have a meaning of showing direction (upwards) are analyzed as the following example (10).( 10 Fukugoudoushi 噴き上げる 'fukiageru' is formed from the verb fuku as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.From its' aspect, the verb fuku attached to the verb ageru is a keizokudoushi (continuity verb) in the form of jidoushi (intransitive) which in its use does not require an object.
The combination of the verb fuku meaning 'to spout', 'to emit', and ageru 'to raise' briefly contains the meaning of 'to spout'.While the context meaning in the sentenceis 'spouting something from the bottom towards the top' which forms a new meaning that requires the object to be subjected to action by the subject.The object in this sentence is kuroi fun'en 'black smoke'.Nevertheless, it can be understood that fukugoudoushi fukiageru in this sentence is still attached to the basic meaning of each constituent elements.

Showing Improvement
Data that have a meaning of showing improvement (leading to a better thing) are analyzed as the following example ( 11 Fukugoudoushi 立ち上げる 'tachiageru' is formed from the verb tatsu as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.When viewed from the aspect point of view, verb tatsu attached to the verb ageru is a shunkandoushi (punctual verb) in the form of a jidoushi (intransitive).The combination of verb tatsu meaning 'to stand' and ageru 'to raise' in this sentence briefly implies '(has) founded'.But to reinforce the meaning in the context of the sentence, the verb tachiageru which shows an act that begins for a specific purpose means 'establishing something that did not previously exist into existence', thus making a new meaning that requires an object to be subjected to action by the subject.The object in this sentence is Donan Ring 'Donan Ring (the name of a professional wrestling organization)'.Fukugoudoushi tachiageru in this sentence is still attached to the basic meaning of each of its constituent elements.

Ending an Activity
Data that have the meaning of the ending activity are analyzed in the following example (12).( 12 Fukugoudoushi 乗り上げる 'noriageru' is formed from the verb noru as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.From its' aspect, the verb noru attached to the verb ageru is a shunkandoushi (punctual verb) in the form of jidoushi (intransitive) which its use does not require an object.The combination of the verb noru meaning 'to get on' and ageru 'to raise' briefly has the meaning of '(has) stalled'.
The basic of the verb noru is completely lost when combined with the verb ageru into a fukugoudoushi (compound verb).In addition, the verb ageru is no longer attached to the meaning of 'to raise' but has a new meaning of 'doing the activity to completion'.Furthermore, fukugoudoushi noriageru can mean 'fail', but to reinforce the meaning in the context of the sentence, the corresponding meaning is 'stalled (dead end)' which means 'an activity with a force to stop being carried out'.Fukugoudoushi noriageru is no longer attached to the basic meaning of each of its constituent elements and makes a new different meaning.

The Formation of Noun+Ageru as Fukugodoshi
If fukugoudoushi ~ageru has a front element of the noun, then the noun is not conjugated, so the fukugoudoushi formed by the noun is directly attached by the verb ~ageru as its back element ( Hayashi, 1990) as shown in Figure 2. Fukugoudoushi ~ageru formed with the pattern of formation of noun + ageru makes to several meanings as follows.

Showing High Value
Data that have the meaning of showing high value (of a quantitative) are analyzed as the following example (13).( 13 Fukugoudoushi 足し上げる 'tashiageru' is formed from the noun tashi as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.The front element tashi is a type of noun so it does not belong to the verb that can be deciphered based on the point of view of the aspect.The merger of the noun tashi meaning 'top up' and ageru 'to raise', and 'to increase' briefly has the meaning of 'summing up'.
To adjust the meaning to the context of the sentence, tashiageru shows the deeds performed for a specific purpose and if spelled out would be to 'make something a higher value' thus giving rise to a new meaning that requires the object to be subjected to action by the subject.The object in this sentence is sūji 'number'.It can be known that fukugoudoushi tashiageru in this sentence is still attached to the basic meaning of each of its constituent elements.

Ending an Activity
Data that has the meaning of the ending activity are as in the following example ( 14). ( 14) だから、自分は関与せず、編集部の方で脚本 家と脚本を仕上るというほうがいいという判断さ れたと聞いています。 Dakara, jibun wa kan'yo sezu, henshū-bu no kata de kyakuhon-ka to kyakuhon o shiageru to iu hō ga ī to iu handan sa reta to kiite imasu.'Therefore, without me getting involved, I heard that the editorial department decided that it would be better to finish the script with the scriptwriter.'(NHK Japan Online Article October 12, 2021) Fukugoudoushi 仕 上 げ る 'shiageru' is formed from the noun shi as the front element and the verb ageru as the back element.The front element shi is a type of noun so it does not belong to the verb that can be deciphered based on the point of view of the aspect.The merger of the noun shi meaning 'work' and ageru 'to raise' briefly means 'finish'.
The verb ageru which means 'to raise' or 'to increase ' (Matsumura , 2005) has a new meaning of 'doing an activity until finished '.To adjust the meaning to the context of the sentence , shiageru indicates an action that is done for a specific purpose and if described will be 'doing an activity to completion', meaning that the activity ( work) has been carried out from beginning to end (completion ) by the planned target , that is the completion of the manuscript by the scriptwriter .Thus , it gives a new meaning that requires the object to be subjected to action by the subject ( Mulya , 2020 ).The object in this sentence is the kyakuhon 'script '.It can be understood that in fukugoudoushi shiageru is still attached to the basic meaning of its front element , but it is no longer attached to the basic meaning of the back element of its formation to make a new meaning.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the analysis and discussion of the formation structure and meaning of fukugoudoushi formed by the verb ~ageru in the previous analysis, it can be concluded that fukugoudoushi ~ageru contain front elements in the form of verbs (tadoushi and jidoushi) with characteristics of continuity verbs (keizokudoushi) and punctual verbs (shunkandoushi), as well as front elements in the form of nouns (futsuumeishi).Fukugoudoushi ~ageru which has the preposition element of the verb undergoes a renyoukei (conjugation), that is a change from the dictionary form into the form ~masu before being followed by the verb ~ageru.Since the noun is not conjugated, fukugoudoushi ~ageru which has the front element of the nomina will be directly attached by the verb ~ageru as the back element.
The verb ageru when functioning as a single verb means to raise, to increase, and to elevate.When combined with other verbs to form fukugoudoushi ~ageru, it will have several meanings that are affected by the meaning of the forming elements, that is showing direction, showing improvement, showing high values, expressing self-demeaning, and ending an activity.