Causes of Indiscipline Among Students as Viewed by Primary School Teachers in Nigeria

Indiscipline in Nigerian schools remained a source of great concern to stakeholders as it has caused a lot of mental, emotional, and physical damages in the society. This research investigated the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria. Furthermore, it also examined the influence of gender, school locale, years of teaching experience, and educational attainment on the respondents’ views. This research employed a descriptive survey method involving 200 primary school teachers in Nigeria. They responded to a researcher-designed questionnaire entitled ‘Causes of Indiscipline Questionnaire’ (CIQ), in which the psychometric properties of the instrument were established. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria were societal factor, government factor, parental factor, school factor, and students’ factor respectively. In view of the findings it is recommended that the government and school administrators formulate policies in schools to curb indiscipline among students.

According to Zubaidia (2009), discipline is an act of respect for laws and regulations and the maintenance of an established standard of behaviour and ability to imply self-control, restraint, and respect for oneself and others.In similar a term, Redempta (2010) defines discipline as a system of arranging conditions for healthy learning and living.It is important as society to expect children to develop and assume leadership roles, be of good moral Aminat Adeola Odebode, Causes of Indiscipline Among Students … [127] standing, and behave well.Thus, for students to understand that they need to behave in an appropriate manner, their socially acceptable behaviour should be consistently reinforced; hence, much need to be done in moral upbringing of the students.When students behave well in school, the school environment will be free of vices, illicit, and immoral acts.However, a school with students who do not behave well will lead create them to be indiscipline (Truners, 2002).
Indiscipline is the negative form of discipline; a behaviour that contradicts the acceptable rules and regulations of the school system.Orhungur (2003) Bandura, 1985, Kunmi, 2012).
These theorists believed behaviour can be observed and measured using the scientific procedure.This implies that indiscipline is learnt in society and it can be measured and managed through the systematic procedure.
There are three distinct areas that are considered under behaviour theory.Aminat Adeola Odebode, Causes of Indiscipline Among Students … [131]

Research Question
For the purpose of this research, the following research question was raised: 1. What are the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria?

Research Hypotheses
The following null hypotheses were formulated: 1.There is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on gender.Therefore, this built a good rapport with the respondents and allowed for prompt Aminat Adeola Odebode, Causes of Indiscipline Among Students … [133] response when respondent needed help in filling the questionnaire.

Method of Data Analysis
Percentage was used to analyze the data in Section A of the instrument, while.
Section B was analyzed using t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).In view of this, Hypotheses 1 and 2 were tested using t-test, while Hypotheses 3 and 4 were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Demographic Data
This section presents the results of data obtained on the respondents in percentage.Source: Author's computation (2018).
Table 2 shows the mean and rank of

Hypotheses Testing
Four null hypotheses were postulated and tested for this research.The hypotheses were tested using t-test and ANOVA statistical methods at 0.05 level of significance.
Hypothesis 1: There is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on gender.Source: Author's computation (2018).
Table 3 shows that the calculated t-value of 1.04 was less than the critical t-value of 1.96.This means there was no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on gender.Thus, the hypothesis was not rejected.
Hypothesis 2: There is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on school locale.Source: Author's Fieldwork (2018).
Table 4 shows that the calculated t-value of 1.51 was less than the critical t-value of 1.96.This means there was no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on school locale.Thus, the hypothesis was not rejected.
Hypothesis 3: There is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on years of teaching experience.Table 5 indicates that the calculated Fvalue was 0.61 while the critical F-value was 3.00.Since the calculated F-value of 0.61 was less than the critical F-value of 3.00 at 0.05 level of significance, the hypothesis was, not rejected.This means there was no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on school locale thus, the hypothesis was not rejected.Table 6 indicates that the calculated Fvalue was 0.58 while the critical F-value was 3.00.Since the calculated F-value of 0.58 was less than the critical F-value of 3.00 at 0.05 level of significance, the hypothesis was not rejected.This means there was no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on years of teaching experience.Thus, the hypothesis was not rejected.

DISCUSSION
The findings showed that the causes of • Parents should monitor their wards well as charity begins at home.Children should be well guided and monitored so that they can be of good behaviour.More so, parents must lead

INTRODUCTION
~ School aims and objectives in line with the overall educational objectives are to produce integrated citizens to benefit themselves and the society.This can only occur when the school could produce students with good character.This means that the school system is not only meant for training students in different field of study, but also a place to inculcate their moral values to be responsible individuals who can contribute to the development of their society.It is implied that discipline among them is important to achieve academic success.In this case, Warren (2014) states that discipline is an indispensable component of instructional programs in schools because the children are ignorant of what is expected of them and might sometime act like "barbarians" inside and outside of the school.
fighting, failing to complete assignments, drug abuse, and sexual deviance among others.
2. There is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on school locale.3.There is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on years of teaching experience.4.There is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on educational attainment.research data that describes acts, events, or issues as they exist or occur without any manipulation (Clarke, 2005).Descriptive survey is important in educational researches and it can be done either through the use of questionnaire, interview, or observation.to the estimation of Kwara State School Census Report, the population of school teachers in Ilorin South was 1,203.Based on the given population, simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used.This means that 10 teachers from a school were chosen to participate in the study.At Stage 1, a simple random sampling (diphat) method was used to select 10 primary schools in Ilorin metropolis.At Stage 2information on the causes of indiscipline among from primary school teachers.It consists of Section A and Section B. Section A focuses on the demographic data of respondents, while section B consists of 20 items.Validity: Validity is the ability of an instrument to measure accurately what it purports to measure.In order to check its validity.The instrument was given to the supervisor and four other experts (lecturers) in the Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, for vetting and modifications.The corrected copies of the vetted instrument were represented in order and considered suitable for carrying out the study.Reliability: An instrument is reliable when its scores are consistent over a given period of time after repeated administration to the same group of people or respondents.The reliability of the instrument for this research was determined using the test refour weeks to the same group of ten (20) teachers in Ilorin West LGA, Kwara State who were not part of the research.The two set of scores were correlated using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient (r) statistics and a coefficient of 0.65 was gotten, which adjudged the reliability of the instrument.teachers by explaining to them the purpose of the research.
causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria.Since the cut-off point for taking decision on the causes of indiscipline among students is 2.5 and all the 20 items have mean scores above the cut-off; it can then be concluded that the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria were societal factor, Government factor, parental factor, school factor and students' factor respectively.

Hypothesis 4 :
There is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on years of teaching experience.

•
students' factor respectively.This finding tallies with Mugams;(2005), Paaga (2007);Mwaniki (2003)  andBwire (2010)and students' factors.This finding could be that of Nigeria society in which corporal punishment was abolished by Government in schools, government involves students in political agitations among others and teachers being members of the same society are able to perceive this anomaly.The testing of Hypothesis 1, which states that there is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on gender, was not rejected.This means that there was no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on gender.This also means that both male and female teachers expressed the causes of indiscipline among students in the same Aminat Adeola Odebode, Causes of Indiscipline Among Students …[137]    way.This finding is in line with that ofNdaita (2016) whose findings revealed that gender influenced the perception of teachers on the causes of Indiscipline among secondary schools' students.However, the finding of this research negates Adekanye (2017) whose finding revealed that there was no significant difference exists in teachers' perception of causes of indiscipline among students.This could be that indiscipline was a common occurrence in Nigerian schools.Therefore; male and female teachers would not have different opinions on the causes of indiscipline.The testing of Hypothesis 2, which stated that there is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on school locale, was rejected.This means that there was no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on school locale.This also means that respondents who were in urban and rural areas did not differ in their expressions of causes of indiscipline among students.The finding of this research supports that of Okumu (2014) who revealed a significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as perceived by teachers based on school locale.Similarly, this finding is in line with that of Mpofu (2018) who revealed a significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among learners as perceived by teachers based on the school environment.This finding could be that indiscipline is common in the society whether rural or urban, therefore, school locale will not have any significant influence on the respondents' views.The testing of Hypothesis 3, which stated that there is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on years of teaching experience, was rejected.This means that there was no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on years of teaching experience.This also means that the number of years that the respondents have spent in the teaching profession did not have any influence on their expression of indiscipline among students.This finding is not in line with that of Ekpoh (2007finding could be that the act of indiscipline among students is increasing by the day.Therefore, teachers who have spent a few years in service will also be able to express the causes of indiscipline among students.The testing of Hypothesis 4, which states that there is no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on educational attainment, Mimbar Sekolah Dasar, Volume 6 Number 1 April 2019 [138] was rejected.This means that there was no significant difference in the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria based on educational attainment.This also means that no matter the educational qualification of the respondents, it did not affect their expression of causes of indiscipline among students of secondary schools.This finding tallies with that of Ndaita (2016) who also found no significant difference in the perception of teachers on the causes of indiscipline among students based on educational attainment.Likewise, Fareo and Ballah (2018) concluded in a study that educational attainment did not have any influence on the perception of teachers on the causes of indiscipline.This could be that all the respondents are literate therefore; they are able to perceive the causes of indiscipline among students.CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria The society has a strong hold on its members; members portray the image of the society and the society breeds its members.Therefore, to curb indiscipline among students since they are the future leaders of the country, members of the society must be informed of the causes of indiscipline among these students and redress.This can be done to continuous orientation by teachers and counsellors.• As introduced by Skinner, punishment is a way by which unwanted behaviour can be reduced and extinguished hence, the government should reverse the abolition of corporal punishment in schools so that students could be well disciplined.Efforts should also be made to curb indiscipline in society through other means if corporal punishment cannot be re-included.• Students tend to observe, internalize and act out what they see among peers and authority figures Therefore, the school must at all time enjoined to be of good behaviour for the students who are the hope of the country.

Table 1 .
Distribution of Respondents Based on Gender, School Locale, Years of Teaching Experience and Educational Attainment.

Table 2 .
Mean and Rank Order of Causes of Indiscipline among Students.

Table 3 :
Mean, Standard Deviation and t-value showing the Causes of Indiscipline among Students Based on Gender.

Table 4 :
Mean, Standard Deviation and t-value showing the Causes of Indiscipline among Students Based on School Locale.

Table 5 :
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on the Causes of Indiscipline Among Students Based on Years of Teaching Experience.

Table 6 :
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on the Causes of Indiscipline among Students Based on Years of Teaching Experience.