Community Participation on the Kangpisman Program in Bandung City

. The waste problem that is happening at this time must be the concern of all parties. The Bandung City Government has the Kangpisman program which is a collaborative movement between the government and the community in waste management. The programs set by the government must of course be supported by community participation. This study generally aims to determine community participation in the implementation of the Kangpisman program. The method used is a comparative study with descriptive analysis, namely comparing community participation in the implementation of the Kangpisman program in Kebon Pisang Village and Sukamiskin Village. The data analysis technique used is using percentage calculations. There are various factors that influence the community to participate in the Kangpisman program, the knowledge factor shows good results in both villages. Female gender shows a high percentage of participation. The work of housewives has a high level of participation. From the educational factor, the education level of Senior High School and Higher Education has a high percentage. The difference in the results of waste management in implementing the Kangpisman program in the two villages is due to differences in the level of community participation in implementing movements to reduce, separate and utilize waste.


A. INTRODUCTION
Humans and the environment are inseparable components.Every human need is generated by the environment.Therefore humans must always protect and preserve the environment which is a means to meet the needs of life.However, environmental problems that have occurred to date cannot be separated from human behavior that is not responsible for the environment.One of the environmental problems of concern is the problem of waste management.
Waste management must be the concern of all parties, both the government and the community as the producer of waste itself.So far, most people still view waste as useless waste, not as a resource that needs to be utilized.
Various policies have been issued by the government in dealing with the waste problem.The existing policies direct a paradigm shift in handling waste, from previously relying on the final approach must be changed so that the waste problem can be resolved.
The consumption pattern of the people has contributed to the increase in the volume of waste and has resulted in more diverse types of waste.Among them are the increasing number of packaging waste that is dangerous and difficult to break down by natural processes."The increase in waste generation in urban areas is not only due to an increase in population, but also due to changes in the consumption pattern of urban people" (Safitri, 2018 p. 4).
Population development in urban areas tends to increase every year.With an increase in population, there will also be an increase in community activity and consumption which can lead to increased waste generated every day.There are also problems regarding waste management in the city of Bandung.Waste production in the city of Bandung is increasing day by day, accompanied by an increase in population.
Responding to waste problems in the city of Bandung.In the leadership of the Mayor and Deputy Mayor of Bandung, Oded M. Danial and Yana Mulyana, at the beginning of the leadership, focused on dealing with waste problems with the Kangpisman Program.Through this program, the government invites the community to manage waste from home and is expected to reduce the amount of waste generation that exists.
Community participation is a major concern in implementing the Kangpisman program in Bandung City.Because without the active participation of the community in implementing the habit of reducing, separating and utilizing waste, of course this program will not run optimally.
At the beginning of its implementation, the Bandung City Government established eight pilot villages for the Kangpisman Program.The following is the percentage of waste management results in the pilot village of the Kangpisman Program for the January-September 2019 period: Based on the data above, it can be seen that the implementation of the Kangpisman Program in the eight pilot villages for the January-September 2019 period was quite diverse.Kebon Pisang is a village that has been optimal in waste management, it can be seen from the percentage of remaining residue that has reached 90.74% of the total waste.Meanwhile, Sukamiskin showed that the percentage of residue remaining was still very high, around 97.57%.This shows that the level of waste management in Sukamiskin is not optimal.
From the data on the classification of waste management results in the eight pilot villages, there is an interesting thing to study, namely the comparison of the Plumer (In Suryawan, 2004 p. 27) states that "there are several factors that influence the community to participate in the participation process, namely knowledge and expertise, community work, education level and literacy, and gender".
In environmental management, of course, it is not only the government's concern.But there must be participation from the community by paying attention to rights and obligations in its management."Environmental management is an activity which includes aspects of utilization, regulation, maintenance, restoration, control, fostering, and environmental preservation efforts which are carried out in an integrated manner" (Hamzah, 2013 p. 23).
The Kangpisman program is a collaborative movement between the community and the Bandung City Government in managing waste and building public awareness to care about waste management.Kangpisman itself is an acronym for Reduce, Separate, and Make us.Through the Kangpisman movement, it is hoped that the community can participate in implementing the reduction, separation and utilization of waste from the source.

B. METHOD
This study uses a quantitative approach.The method used in this research is comparative descriptive.The use of a comparative descriptive method was carried out to determine the comparison of the implementation of the Kangpisman program in Kebon Pisang Village and Sukamiskin Village.
Nazir (2005 p. 58) argues "comparative research is a kind of descriptive research that seeks to find answers fundamentally about cause and effect, by analyzing the factors that cause the occurrence or emergence of a particular phenomenon.Comparing between two groups or more of a certain variable ".
The data needed to support this research consists of primary data and secondary data.Primary data consists of observational data, questionnaire data using a Likert scale and documentation obtained at the research location.Meanwhile, secondary data were obtained from data from the Central Bureau of Statistics as well as data on the implementation results of Kangpisman from the Bandung City Environment and Sanitation Service.
The population of this study were residents who were administratively located in Kelurahan Kebon Pisang and Kelurahan Sukamiskin, Bandung City.In collecting data in the field, the researcher determines a sample to represent the population.The samples were determined using the Slovin formula, which is as follows : Based on the calculation of the Slovin formula, by determining the error rate of 15%.So the number of samples taken in this study in Kebon Pisang Village as many as 50 respondents and in Sukamiskin Village as many as 50 respondents, so that the entire sample was 100 respondents.
In this study, the data that has been collected in tabular form from the results of data coding, then analyzed using a comparative descriptive method to describe the comparison of implementation and community participation in the Kangpisman Program.The data analysis technique in this study used a percentage calculation.
After the data is analyzed using percentage calculations, the results of these calculations are used to interpret the results of data collection.Then the percentage is classified into criteria and weighted value based on the percentage results as follows :

C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The research location used consists of two places, namely in the Kebon Pisang

Implementation of the Kangpisman Program in Bandung City
Findings and discussion regarding the implementation of the Kangpisman Program in Bandung City were carried out using secondary data from the Bandung City Environment and Sanitation Office and the Kangpisman program implementation guidelines.
The Kangpisman program is a program of the Bandung City Government in waste management.This program targets various sectors in its implementation.Among them include independent waste management activities, Adiwiyata schools, waste-free areas and KBS model villages, Kangpisman applications and management activities in waste banks with a total of 850 locations and 122 activities that have been carried out in the implementation of the Kangpisman Program during the period October 2018 -October 2019.
Socialization is directly carried out by the City Government of Bandung through the Environment and Sanitation Service so that the Kangpisman program can be recognized by the public.In addition to direct socialization activities, the Bandung City Government has also conducted socialization in various media such as banners and notices in various public spaces.With the socialization that is carried out regularly by the Bandung City Government, it is hoped that the community can participate in carrying out waste processing from home.
At the beginning of its implementation, the Bandung City Government established eight villages as pilots in implementing the Kangpisman program for other urban villages.The eight villages are Gempol Sari, Sukaluyu, Neglasasi, Cihaurgeulis, Babakan Sari, Kebon Pisang, Sukamiskin and Kujang Sari.
Overall, the implementation of waste management in the eight pilot kelurahan has shown a reduction in the volume of waste transported to landfills.3.19% organic waste and 2.29% inorganic waste have been managed at the source from a total waste generation of 6,175 tonnes during the January-September 2019 period.
Although the percentage of waste managed from the source is still low.However, slowly with the active participation of the community in carrying out the Kangpisman Program in everyday life, it is hoped that the number of waste management from the source can increase so that the residual waste disposed of in the TPA will decrease.Therefore, community participation in managing waste from its source is needed so that the residual volume can be reduced.
Seeing from the implementation of the Kangpisman program, which is a collaborative movement between the government by involving the community directly in managing waste to create a waste-free area and making the movement a new culture to ensure environmental integrity for the next generation.

Factors Influencing Community Participation in the Implementation of the Kangpisman Program
Various factors influence society to participate in the participation process including knowledge, gender, occupation and education level.Of these four factors will affect how community participation in the implementation of the Kangpisman program.

a. Knowledge
Table 3

Source: Research result, 2020
Based on table 3, it can be seen that overall public knowledge shows relatively the same results and there are no significant differences.Although the community's knowledge in the Kangpisman program in Kebon Pisang village is higher than that of Sukamiskin village.So that in both village related to public knowledge, it is categorized as Very Good.
The high percentage of public knowledge in Kebon Pisang village and Sukamiskin village related to the Kangpisman program is in line with research conducted by Azizah (2019) in Babakan Sari Village, which is one of the pilot villages for the Kangpisman program.This study found that most people already know about the Kangpisman program, this is inseparable from the routine socialization carried out by village officials in introducing the Kangpisman program.Based on Table 4 regarding community participation based on gender, it can be seen that the female gender has a higher percentage than men in participating in implementing the Kangpisman program in Kebon Pisang village and Sukamiskin village.

b. Gender
The tendency of the female gender to participate more is due to the fact that more activities are carried out related to household waste management.Meanwhile, the male gender works more outside the home so that it is less likely to participate in household waste management.

Differences in the Implementation of the Kangpisman Program in Kebon Pisang village and Sukamiskin village
The implementation of the Kangpisman program consists of three steps taken by the community in waste management, namely reducing, separating and utilizing waste.
village and Sukamiskin village, Bandung City.The reason for the researchers took the two locations, namely : a. Kebon Pisang village and Sukamiskin village are part of the eight pilot villages

Table 1 .
Classification of Waste Management Results for the Kangpisman Program

Table 2 .
Percentage Assessment Criteria . Comparison of Community Knowledge in the Kangpisman Program

Table 4 .
Society participation Based on Gender

Table 5 .
Society participation Based on Profession

Table 7 .
Comparison of Community Participation in the Kangpisman Program Kangpisman program in Kebon Pisang village and Sukamiskin village.Community knowledge of the Kagpisman program has shown good results in both villages.Then, the female gender dominates in its implementation, this is because women do more household tasks so they have more free time in waste management.In addition, in Sukamiskin ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To the Social Studies Study Program, FPIPS, Indonesia University of Education for the publication of this article in the journals of the Social Studies program.