Inclusive Education As An Effort To Deradicalize Religion in Indonesia

— Inclusive-based Islamic religious education is an innovative and strategic approach to preventing religious radicalism. Inclusive Islamic religious education is also a form of Islamic education reform that emphasizes anti-discrimination, tolerance and mutual respect. This study aims to determine inclusive-based Islamic religious education in preventing religious radicalism in Indonesia. A qualitative method with the type of library research, examines a variety of related data, originating from the main data sources as well as supporting data sources that have a direct link with the research. The data obtained were then analyzed by conducting content analysis. The results of this study are in the form of findings relating to the implementation of inclusive-based Islamic religious education in preventing religious radicalism, namely it is found that (a) the goals of religious education are ideological-absolusistic or oriented towards pluralist-inclusive (b) the curriculum of religious education is more oriented towards rigid laws and exclusive into a love-oriented curriculum that is inclusive (c) normative-textual material becomes normative-contextual (d) exclusive-doctrinaire educators become inclusive-moderate educators (tawasuth). (e) The textualist-scripturalist learning strategy becomes an objective-positive approach.


A. INTRODUCTION
Based on data from the UN's United Nation Population Division, it is estimated that Indonesia's population in 2021 will reach 274.2 million people (Hadiz, 2014).IIndonesia is one of the largest multicultural countries in the world consisting of 17,504 islands.About 11 thousand islands are inhabited by people with 359 tribes and 726 languages.In Indonesia, Islam is the religion of the majority and has a strategic role to create a peaceful, harmonious life among religious communities (Tan, 2011).
In the context of Indonesian insight, Islam is one of the many views of life in it.Pluralism, tradition, culture and way of life is something that already exists in religion, so that every religion including Islam should function in a balanced way as social ethics in the life of the nation and state.Islam does not function as an operative hypothesis, but as an inspirational source for people's lives.This emphasis on Islam as a social ethic will not only make Islam free from formal ideological obligations, but if Islam is used as the nation's ideology it can protect the pluralistic reality of the nation itself (Nilda Miftahul Janna, 2018) Islam in the perspective of social ethics means that Islam is complex in the life of the state.The position of Islam as social ethics is a construction that balances between having to take positive values from the process of operative spirituality and as a manifestation of obedience to religious teachings.(Tahir & Tahir, 2020).As Islamic social ethics can be manifested in many forms.Islam will be an open religion, because Islam can develop according to the times and from its formal teachings.Islam is a source of inspiration for many groups because it is universal.Islam will unite as part of the change in society as a whole.
Efforts to make Islam an open religion, a source of inspiration, a source of peace face problems in the form of ideological roots of intolerance and exclusivity, especially related to issues of religious radicalism.Islam, which is true from the beginning of history, has positioned itself as a moderate people and is full of peaceful values and moral movements.However, these ideal values have been used by individuals who monopolize religious interpretations and as a result religion is used as a justification for acts of violence and radicalism.Religion has been sidelined and exploited in accordance with ideological tendencies, so that what appears to society is a reactionary-destructive attitude towards all differences.
Indonesia, which is known as a religious, polite and friendly nation, practices of violence in the name of religion often occur (Hidayati Husnul, 2017).This can be seen from the many shooting attacks, suicide bombings, physical attacks, terrorism or others.Several lives were lost in vain and dozens of victims were injured, the destruction of places of worship resulted in physical and non-physical losses.In addition, the harmony between religious communities that already exists is torn apart and destroyed by the nature of radicalism in religion.Expressions of religious radicalism are indeed felt very terrible.Starting from making people who don't agree with it infidel, to attacking people in places of entertainment, they don't hesitate to attack and kill enemies who don't share their ideology (Rahmatullah, 2017) Forms of hard-line Islamic movements are developing very rapidly to the point that they appear in various corners of the country in Indonesia, including one of which is a radical Islamic movement that spreads radicalism.Cases of violence clad in religion continue to emerge.Various acts of radicalism in the name of religion in the Islamic world give the impression that it obliges its adherents to commit violence in solving every problem, giving rise to the opinion that Islam is synonymous with violence.
The results of research conducted by the Institute for Islamic Studies and Peace (LAKIP) conducted between October 2010 and 2011 on Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers and junior high school (SMP) and high school (SMA) students in Jabodetabek showed that 49% of students agree with radicalism for the sake of religion (Suryaningrum, 2018).PAI teachers have a strategic role to instill moderate Islam and are able to find the right way to deal with (deradicalization) of radical Islam.Other research states that there is an element of radicalism in Elementary School (SD) PAI books which has the potential to foster radical attitudes in religion, such as the concept of infidel, stories of religious militants, jihad, stories of war during the time of friends, Islamic reformers, and conflicting teachings among religion (Zainiyati, 2016) The phenomenon of radicalism which is carried out by a small number of religious people, turns out to have major implications for the emergence of accusations from the world community against Islamic educational institutions in general.Robert W. Hefner, in his article "The Politics and Culture of Islamic Education in Southeast Asia," in Making Modern Muslims (2009) said that in the United States and October 2002 in Bali Indonesia, the existence of Islamic educational institutions in Southeast Asia became the focus of world attention.internationally, bearing in mind that a young man who was a student at an Islamic boarding school in Central Java was responsible for the bombings in Bali.The Islamic boarding school was built by a senior spiritual figure named Abu Bakar Ba'asyir (Hafidzi, 2020) In line with the rampant acts of violence in the name of religion, Islamic religious education is considered an effective door for the spread and teaching of Islam (Yaman & Gultom, 2017).Islamic Religious Education plays a very important role in improving the quality of society in almost every aspect of life.The role of Islamic religious education in changing human culture and civilization, so that the educational process is oriented towards the development of culture and civilization.
This study aims to analyze and provide innovation on the implementation of Islamic Religious Education in Indonesia which is based on inclusion in social life to prevent religious radicalization for the creation of a humane and peaceful society

B. METHOD
This study uses a qualitative method with the type of library research, namely by examining various related data, both from primary or primary data sources as well as supporting or secondary data sources that have a direct connection with the problem.Furthermore, the data obtained is then analyzed by content analysis, a technique used to analyze and understand texts or sentences.This study uses a literature study with a historical-philosophical approach.Researchers conducted a study of various sources of books and journals that discussed inclusive Islamic religious education and efforts to deradicalize religion in Indonesia This study uses a conceptual approach, with a descriptive-analytical analysis method, which is combined with a conceptual study approach and interpretive analysis in the form of a critical thinking pattern.Then the writer carries out a synthesis of the concept analysis so as to produce a new thought or conclusion related to inclusive Islamic religious education and efforts to deradicalize religion in Indonesia.

C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on several references, several research results can be found which can be presented in the following: Learning At present there is still a tendency for some religious learning processes to be textualist-scripturalist in nature.Religious learning, which is still textual and cognitive in nature, tends to use a religious-normative approach.The most striking impact of such learning is the birth of exclusive, intolerant, fanatic and blind religious characteristics that cannot understand the diversity that exists in social life.

Inclusive Islamic Religious Education
The context of a plural Indonesian society makes the dialectic of religious life unique with the domination of Islam in it.Islamic Religious Education which is carried out accompanied by inclusiveness will be able to answer this challenge.The essence of inclusiveness is openness to the various differences that exist.(Syaf"i Anwar, 2006).With this inclusiveness a harmonious life in society can be achieved.), namely all efforts to neutralize radical ideas through an interdisciplinary approach such as law, law, psychology, religion and socio-culture for those who are influenced by radical understandings or understandings that adhere to violence.Meanwhile, within the scope of terrorism that arises as a result of radical religious understanding, deradicalization can be interpreted as a process to justify a narrow, fundamental, moderate, broad and comprehensive religious understanding.Deradicalization can be understood as one of the efforts to neutralize radical notions by means of an interdisciplinary approach, such as religion, psychology, law, and sociology aimed at those who are influenced by radical ideologies.This deradicalization includes, many programs consisting of reorientation of motivation, education, re-socialization, and seeking social welfare and equality with other communities for those involved with criminal acts of terrorism.(Ramadhani et al., 2020) Based on several studies that have been carried out, the characteristics of radical groups are presented in Table 1.Theological-absoluistic is a closed understanding of religion in understanding the goals of Islamic Religious Education.According to Nurcholis Madjid, every form of absolutism will make a system of thought closed, and that closedness will become its absolute source.Something of human creation that is absolute will also be absolute.According to Din Syamsuddin, why religion has ambivalence, one of which is that religion has an absolutistic tendency, namely the tendency to absolute religious beliefs as a single truth.As a result, rejectionism appears, namely rejection of the truth of other religions that are considered different from and contrary to others.The root of religious conflict is because adherents of religion take an attitude to view religion from the point of view of their own religion, which sticks to the surface rather than the essence of truth that religion wants to offer, but the spirit to negate others.So every ideology of thought that is internalized ideologically-absolutistically tends to be out of date As KMA 183 of 2019 explains that the aim of developing the Islamic Religious Education curriculum is to prepare Indonesian people to have a mindset and religious attitude that is moderate, inclusive, cultured, religious and has the ability to live as individuals and citizens who are faithful, pious, have noble character, are productive, creative, innovative, and collaborative and able to be part of the solution to various problems in the life of society, nation, state and world civilization (c) The material is normative-textual.
Material becomes the most important component in learning.Learning material is usually described in the text of the book.Material or teaching material is a tool for achieving goals, therefore the determination of material must be based on the planned objectives both in terms of scope, level of difficulty and organization Under certain conditions the material becomes the most important component in learning.According to the Regulation of the Minister of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2008, Islamic Religious Education covers four subjects, namely Al-Qur'an and Ḥadist, Aqidah Akhlaq, Fiqh, and History of Islamic Civilization.Each of these subjects has a close relationship (Peraturan Menteri Agama Republik Indonesia, 2008).In order to build inclusive diversity in Indonesia, there are several Islamic religious education materials that can be taught on an inclusive basis, including: tolerance, ethno-cultural and religious differences, the dangers of discrimination, conflict resolution and mediation, human rights, democracy, universal humanity and subjects.other relevant: (a) Al-Qur'an and Hadith, acts of violence and terrorism that occur in the world in general and in Indonesia in particular as a result of the expression of understanding 38 of Islamic radicalism are always associated with the Al-Qur'an and Hadith.Textually, there are many verses of the Al-Qur'an Hadith that provide space or even motivate the emergence of radicalism movements.Violence and terrorism perpetrated by radical Islamic groups have their basis in the Qur'an.Textual understanding of the verses of the Al-Qur'an only provides an alternative that the order is carried out regardless of context.The Qur'an is a universal book, so its verses must be understood holistically and comprehensively and not taken in part.Therefore, an understanding approach is needed by way of munasabah between verses, another approach offered is to look at the historical background of asbabunnuzul regarding the revelation of certain verses.Therefore, with these theories the Qur'an will become a reference book in all places and at all times to achieve peace and benefit.So that in the end the Qur'an will become Rahmatan lil a'alamin (b) Materi Fiqh material, in fiqh subjects there is a chapter on jihad.The material on jihad can be expanded with a comprehensive-inclusive study of fiqh on the understanding of jihad.The orientation of religious education from emphasizing the sectoral aspects of fiqhiyah towards the orientation of developing universal-rabbaniyah aspects, emphasizing attention to human values regardless of socioreligious attributes and endeavors to avoid egoism in religion so that selfclaims as the most righteous do not occur. .According to Enginees, the concept of jihad in Islam is not synonymous with violence and radicalism.The word jihad comes from the word jahada and none of its various definitions explain that jihad is closely related to radicalism or war.This is the starting point for misinterpretation of jihad which in turn is used as a justification tool for expressions of religious radicalism.The main factor for the emergence of radical attitudes in religion is the lack of true and deep understanding of the essence of Islamic religious teachings as well as shallow and partial understanding.radical, extreme, exclusive religious views and the like will be eliminated.Several ways can be taken to produce inclusive-moderate educators.First, holding various trainings, workshops, seminars, and other activities with a multicultural perspective for educators.Second, holding religious dialogue with religious educators, leaders, or other religious people.Thus, Islamic religious educators and other religious educators can mingle and get to know each other, so that in turn will give birth to an attitude of appreciation and tolerance towards other religions.Third, introducing readings or various references with the nuances of modern education to educators.An educator must be able to teach religious insights in an inclusive, tolerant manner so that true brotherhood across religions is realized, participate in developing interreligious dialogue and cooperation in tackling human problems which are closely related to efforts to strengthen mutual understanding and tolerance between religious communities (f) Textualist-Scripturalist Learning Strategy.Elaboratively the learning strategies for religious education are divided into two, namely first, approaches that are textual, literal and scriptural in nature so as to produce a believer.The second, an objective, positivistic and realistic approach to religious teachings in learning.Religious education uses a textualist, literalist, and scripturalist approach that focuses more on doctrinal and dogmatic truths.This approach only emphasizes the advantages of the value system, the authenticity of religious texts and the absolutism of their own religious teachings.While at a practical level, this approach uses a lot of persuasiveapologetic ways.That is, on the one hand, it emphasizes the advantages and strengths of one's own religion, on the other hand, it always excavates the weaknesses and discredits the shortcomings of other religions.In social life, people like this tend to be exclusive, primordialistic.Then it's time.This pattern of religious learning will soon be ended, replaced with a learning pattern that is in accordance with the character of Indonesian society, namely through an objective, positivistic and realistic approach.(g) The approach to Islamic religious education seeks to describe broadly and comprehensively about religious teaching, such as history, education and doctrine as well as their contributions to human life and humanity, not at all blaming or justifying religion.At a practical level, this approach is no longer focused on the pattern of learning the holy verses and revelations in a textual-literal way, but rather emphasizes contextual understanding while raising and exploring "historical eskegetic" aspects of the holy texts.By using this objective, positivistic and realistic approach, the orientation of Islamic religious education is no longer directed at seeking the weaknesses and differences of a religion.But more emphasis is placed on efforts to form a positive appreciative attitude towards other religions, while maintaining selfcriticism and creative introspection towards one's own religion.Such an approach to religious education can bring a pattern of thought, understanding or appreciation of one's faith towards an inclusive, tolerant, dialogical and cooperative style of religious life.

D. CONCLUSION
Education is a key factor in nation building.But in reality, the portrait of Islamic religious education in Indonesia has serious problems related to religious radicalism.Religion that is supposed to bring grace instead causes disaster; a religion that is supposed to be protective, friendly and polite, instead appears threatening, harsh and violent; Religion that should be happy instead of miserable.Religion has been misused to carry out acts of radicalism, terrorism and anarchy that devour innocent people.Theologicalabsoluistic is an understanding of religion that is closed in understanding the goals of Islamic religious education.Second, the curriculum of religious education that is more law-oriented which is rigid and exclusive is changed to a curriculum that loves peace and is inclusive.Third, normative-textual material is changed to be normative-contextual.Fourth, exclusivedoctrinaire educators are changed to moderate-inclusive educators (tawasuth).Fifth, the textualist-scripturalist learning strategy becomes an objective-positivistic approach, so that inclusive-based Islamic religious education can prevent religious radicalization and for the sake of creating a peaceful and tolerant Islam in the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia.
Cultural History.These four subjects are closely related and complementary.Islamic religious education materials are normative-textual.Islamic religious education material is less actual and less contextual.Another reason, is because the religion that is adhered to is only owned, and is not practiced or does not become a person.Islamic Religious Education only contains themes around aqidah, worship, dates, and morals, does not yet contain material related to radicalism, so material is needed that contains inclusive religious themes d.Teachers of Islamic religious education who are exclusive-doctrinaire.Educators who teach the understanding that religion originates from a perspective that is believed to be true by educators.
And limit yourself from other religions.And religious teachings are taught in private.Educators teach the advantages of the value system, religious texts.Educators with these characteristics must be replaced with educators who have inclusive-moderate characteristics.e. Textualist-scripturalist learning strategy.

Table 1 .
Characteristics of radicalism in Indonesia

Table 2 .
Solutions offered for radicalism in Indonesia