Central Java's North Coast Shoreline Dynamics (1999-2023): An Empirical Basis for the “Giant Sea Wall”

Taufik Budi Waskita, Mulyadi Alwi, Boma Karunia Dwi Putra, Agasi Purnama Jatti, Muhammad Mawahibul Fadli, Tegar Dwi Pramanto

Abstract


The phenomenon of shoreline retreat toward the mainland has become a serious issue along the northern coast of Java Island. This study analyzes shoreline changes along the northern coast of Central Java to identify priority locations for coastal protection structures, including the planned Giant Sea Wall. A quantitative remote sensing and GIS approach was applied using multi-temporal Google Earth Pro (1999–2023). Shorelines were interpreted and digitized in ArcMap, and analyzed using DSAS v5 with the Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) method. The results indicate widespread and severe erosion, with the highest retreat observed along the Semarang–Demak coast. This area is therefore recommended as a priority site for the Giant Sea Wall due to its strategic importance as a residential and industrial zone.


Keywords


Shoreline retreat; Shoreline changes; Giant Sea Wall; Net shoreline movement

Full Text:

PDF

References


Agustina, I. H. (2021). Study of flood-prone areas in Bekasi Regency. Jurnal Geografi Gea, 21(2), 180-187.

Alberti, S., Olsen, M. J., Allan, J., and Leshchinsky, B. (2022). Feedback thresholds between coastal retreat and landslide activity. Engineering Geology, 301, 106620.

Al Hakim, B., Kongko, W., Wibowo, M., Asvaliantina, V., and Pranowo, W. S. (2024). Hidrodinamika Teluk Jakarta Akibat Pembangunan Jakarta Giant Sea Wall (GSW): Hydrodynamics of Jakarta Bay Due To The Construction of Jakarta Giant Seawall. Jurnal Chart Datum, 10(1), 63-76.

Alwi, M., Mutaqin, B. W., and Marfai, M. A. (2023). Shoreline dynamics in the very small islands of Karimunjawa Indonesia: A preliminary study. Geoplanning, 10(1), 73-82.

Amini, E., Marsooli, R., and Ayyub, B. M. (2024). Assessing Beach Seawall Hybrid Systems: A Novel Metric-Based Approach for Robustness and Serviceability. ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering, 10(1), 04023062.

Andreadis, O., Chatzipavlis, A., Hasiotis, T., Monioudi, I., Manoutsoglou, E., and Velegrakis, A. (2021). Assessment of and adaptation to beach erosion in islands: An integrated approach. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(8), 859.

Anggara, O., Rahadianto, M. A. E., Al Attar, M. N., Alif, S. M., Perdana, R. S., and Nugraha, A. W. (2024). Assessing Recent Land Subsidence in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia through Time Series InSAR from 2015 to 2023. Jurnal Geografi Gea, 24(2, October), 195-204.

Anthony, E. J., Almar, R., and Aagaard, T. (2016). Recent shoreline changes in the Volta River delta, West Africa: The roles of natural processes and human impacts. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 41(1), 81-87.

Anthony, E. J., and Aagaard, T. (2020). The lower shoreface: Morphodynamics and sediment connectivity with the upper shoreface and beach. Earth-Science Reviews, 210, 103334.

Arjasakusuma, S., Kusuma, S. S., Saringatin, S., Wicaksono, P., Mutaqin, B. W., and Rafif, R. (2021). Shoreline dynamics in East Java Province, Indonesia, from 2000 to 2019 using multi-sensor remote sensing data. Land, 10(2), 100.

Betzold, C., and Mohamed, I. (2017). Seawalls as a response to coastal erosion and flooding: a case study from Grande Comore, Comoros (West Indian Ocean). Regional environmental change, 17(4), 1077-1087.

Bianchini, A., Cento, F., Guzzini, A., Pellegrini, M., and Saccani, C. (2019). Sediment management in coastal infrastructures: Techno-economic and environmental impact assessment of alternative technologies to dredging. Journal of environmental management, 248, 109332.

Bird, E. C. F. (2011). Coastal geomorphology: an introduction (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.

Davidson-Arnott, R., Bauer, B., and Houser, C. (2019). Introduction to coastal processes and geomorphology. Cambridge university press.

Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., ... and Wahab, N. A. An Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability of Pahang’s Coast due to Sea Level Rise, (2018). Int. J. Eng. Technol, 7(3.14), 196-201.

Dong, W. S., Ismailluddin, A., Yun, L. S., Ariffin, E. H., Saengsupavanich, C., Maulud, K. N. A., ... and Yunus, K. (2024). The impact of climate change on coastal erosion in Southeast Asia and the compelling need to establish robust adaptation strategies. Heliyon, 10(4).

Ghosh, M. K., Kumar, L., and Roy, C. (2015). Monitoring the coastline change of Hatiya Island in Bangladesh using remote sensing techniques. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 101, 137-144.

Hadi, S. P., Anggoro, S., Purnaweni, H., Yuliastuti, N., Ekopriyono, A., and Hamdani, R. S. (2020). Assessing the Giant Sea Wall for sustainable coastal development: Case study of Semarang City, Indonesia. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation and Legislation, 13(6), 3674-3682.

Hanif, M., Putra, B. G., Hidayat, R. A., Ramadhan, R., Ahyuni, A., Afriyadi, A., ... and Mokhtar, E. S. (2021). Impact of Coastal Flood on Building, Infrastructure, and Community Adaptation in Bukit Bestari Tanjung Pinang. Jurnal Geografi Gea, 21(2), 102-111.

Hauser, D., Abdalla, S., Ardhuin, F., Bidlot, J. R., Bourassa, M., Cotton, D., ... and Stoffelen, A. (2023). Satellite remote sensing of surface winds, waves, and currents: Where are we now?. Surveys in Geophysics, 44(5), 1357-1446.

Himmelstoss, E. A., Henderson, R. E., Kratzmann, M. G., & Farris, A. S. (2021). Digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS) version 5.1 user guide (No. 2021-1091). US Geological Survey.

Insani, T. D., Rudiarto, I., Handayani, W., and Wijaya, H. B. (2022). Rural livelihood resilience on multiple dimensions: a case study from selected coastal areas in Central Java. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 18(2), 176-193.

Irsadi, A., Martuti, N. K. T., Abdullah, M., and Hadiyanti, L. N. (2022). Abrasion and accretion analysis in Demak, Indonesia Coastal for mitigation and environmental adaptation. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 21(2), 633-641.

Kummu, M., De Moel, H., Salvucci, G., Viviroli, D., Ward, P. J., and Varis, O. (2016). Over the hills and further away from coast: global geospatial patterns of human and environment over the 20th–21st centuries. Environmental Research Letters, 11(3), 034010.

Lazuardi, Z., Karim, A., and Sugianto, S. (2022). Analisis Perubahan Garis Pantai Menggunakan Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) di Pesisir Timur Kota Sabang. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian, 7(1), 662–676.

Liu, J., Dietz, T., Carpenter, S. R., Folke, C., Alberti, M., Redman, C. L., ... and Provencher, W. (2007). Coupled human and natural systems. AMBIO: a journal of the human environment, 36(8), 639-649.

MacManus, K., Balk, D., Engin, H., McGranahan, G., and Inman, R. (2021). Estimating population and urban areas at risk of coastal hazards, 1990–2015: how data choices matter. Earth System Science Data, 13(12), 5747-5801.

Malhouni, Y., and Mabrouki, C. (2025). Whole-of-government approach in disaster management: collaborative case study on the 2023 Morocco earthquake response. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 15(4), 414-444.

Marfai, M. A. (2011). The hazards of coastal erosion in Central Java, Indonesia: An overview. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 7(3), 1-9.

Marfai, M. A. (2014). Impact of sea level rise to coastal ecology: a case study on the northern part of Java Island, Indonesia. Quaestiones Geographicae, 33(1), 107-114.

Marfai, M. A., Winastuti, R., Wicaksono, A., and Mutaqin, B. W. (2022). Coastal morphodynamic analysis in Buleleng Regency, Bali Indonesia. Natural Hazards, 111(1), 995–1017

Mentaschi, L., Vousdoukas, M. I., Pekel, J. F., Voukouvalas, E., and Feyen, L. (2018). Global long-term observations of coastal erosion and accretion. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-11.

Mohd, F. A., Maulud, K. N. A., Karim, O. A., Begum, R. A., Khan, M. F., Jaafar, W. S. W. M., ... and Wahab, N. A. (2018). An assessment of coastal vulnerability of Pahang’s coast due to sea level rise. Int. J. Eng. Technol, 7, 176-180.

Muskananfola, M. R., Supriharyono, and Febrianto, S. (2020). Spatio-temporal analysis of shoreline change along the coast of Sayung Demak, Indonesia using Digital Shoreline Analysis System. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 34, 101060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101060

Mutaqin, B. W. (2017). Shoreline changes analysis in kuwaru coastal area, yogyakarta, Indonesia: An application of the digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS). International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 12(7), 1203–1214

Nassar, K., Fath, H., Mahmod, W. E., Masria, A., Nadaoka, K., and Negm, A. (2018). Automatic detection of shoreline change: case of North Sinai coast, Egypt. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 22(6), 1057–1083.

Neumann, B., Vafeidis, A. T., Zimmermann, J., and Nicholls, R. J. (2015). Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding-a global assessment. PloS one, 10(3), e0118571.

Noor, N. M., and Abdul Maulud, K. N. (2022). Coastal vulnerability: a brief review on integrated assessment in Southeast Asia. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(5), 595.

Panjaitan, J. P., and Maulana, F. (2024). Mapping shoreline changes using Landsat Imagery at Pemalang, Central Java Province, Indonesia. In BIO Web of Conferences (Vol. 106, p. 04011). EDP Sciences.

Prihantanto, D. N. A., Pratikto, I., and Irwani, I. (2014). Studi Kesesusian Wisata Di Pantai Sendang Sikucing Kabupaten Kendal Sebagai Objek Wisata Rekreasi Pantai. Journal of Marine Research, 3(3), 332-341.

Reimann, L., Vafeidis, A. T., and Honsel, L. E. (2023). Population development as a driver of coastal risk: Current trends and future pathways. Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures, 1, e14.

Republic of Indonesia. (2025). Peraturan Presiden Nomor 12 Tahun 2025 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional Tahun 2025 - 2029.

Rocha, C., Antunes, C., and Catita, C. (2023). Coastal indices to assess sea-level rise impacts-A brief review of the last decade. Ocean and Coastal Management, 237, 106536.

Roukounis, C. N., and Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2022). Indices of coastal vulnerability to climate change: a review. Environmental Processes, 9(2), 29.

Rudiarto, I., Handayani, W., and Sih Setyono, J. (2018). A regional perspective on urbanization and climate-related disasters in the northern coastal region of central Java, Indonesia. land, 7(1), 34.

Sagala, P. M., Bhomia, R. K., and Murdiyarso, D. (2024). Assessment of coastal vulnerability to support mangrove restoration in the northern coast of Java, Indonesia. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 70, 103383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103383

Setiadi, R., Wibowo, S. S., Putri, E. R., Handoyo, R. R., Puteri, C. I., and Dewi, A. A. (2023, November). The Efficacy of Coastal Road Development to Protect West Coast of Jepara from Abrasion and Future Sea Level Rise. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1264, No. 1, p. 012017). IOP Publishing.

Setyowati, D. L., Hardati, P., Benardi, A. I., Hamid, N., and Anugrahanto, Y. D. (2021). The role of the disaster preparedness group in adapting abrasion to communities affected by abrasion on the North Coast of Rembang, Central Java. In 6th International Conference on Education & Social Sciences (ICESS 2021) (pp. 61-66). Atlantis Press.

Short, A. D., and Jackson, D. W. T. (2013). Beach morphodynamics. Treatise on geomorphology, 106-129.

Sirait, R. D., Sumabrata, R. J., and Anumasta, N. T. (2024). Road performance analysis due to Sayung Industrial Park development. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1294(1), 012003.

Solihuddin, T., Husrin, S., Salim, H. L., Kepel, T. L., Mustikasari, E., Heriati, A., ... and Berliana, B. (2021). Coastal erosion on the north coast of Java: adaptation strategies and coastal management. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 777, No. 1, p. 012035). IOP Publishing.

Suadi, Nissa, Z. N. A., Widyana, R. I., Atmojo, B. K. D., Saksono, H., and Jayanti, A. D. (2021). Livelihood strategies of two small-scale fisher communities: adaptation strategies under different fishery resource at southern and northern coast of Java. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 919, No. 1, p. 012010). IOP Publishing.

Thieler, E. R., Himmelstoss, E. A., Zichichi, J. L., and Ergul, A. (2009). The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) version 4.0-an ArcGIS extension for calculating shoreline change (No. 2008-1278). US Geological Survey.

Wahyuni, D., Riasasi, W., Ardiansyah, I., and Meliyani, S. Strategy on Reducing Coastal Vulnerability at Pekalongan Coastal Area, Central Java. Jurnal Geografi Gea, 24(2), 124-137.

Wasik, Z., Gunawan, S., and Handriana, T. (2024). Blue Economy and the Impact of Industrialisation on Sustainable Livelihoods: A Case Study of Fisheries in the North Coastal Region of Java. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(8), 2729-2744.

Wiryomartono, B. (2020). Capitalist agenda behind the seawall development in Jakarta bay, Indonesia: The marginalization of urban poor. In Traditions and Transformations of Habitation in Indonesia: Power, Architecture, and Urbanism (pp. 223-245). Singapore: Springer Singapore.

Woodroffe, C. D., Evelpidou, N., Delgado-Fernandez, I., Green, D. R., Karkani, A., and Ciavola, P. (2023). Coastal systems: The dynamic interface between land and sea. In Research Directions, Challenges and Achievements of Modern Geography (pp. 207-229). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

Youssef, Y. M., Gemail, K. S., Sugita, M., AlBarqawy, M., Teama, M. A., Koch, M., and Saada, S. A. (2021). Natural and anthropogenic coastal environmental hazards: An integrated remote sensing, GIS, and geophysical-based approach. Surveys in Geophysics, 1-33.

Zhang, Y., & Hou, X. (2020). Characteristics of coastline changes on southeast Asia Islands from 2000 to 2015. Remote Sensing, 12(3), 519.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/gea.v26i1,%20April.84933

DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.17509/gea.v26i1.84933.g36232

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.