A study of Joseon paintings: Symbolism and meaning in Korean folk art

Abstract

Visual art has long served as a mirror of social and cultural life, reflecting not only aesthetic values but also collective worldviews. This study examines the symbolism in the Korean folk painting (minhwa) known as Tiger and Magpie (호랑이와 까치), which developed during the late Joseon Kingdom. This artwork is not merely a visual decoration but also conveys cultural messages, moral values, and the collective hopes of Joseon society. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, using Erwin Panofsky’s theory of iconography and iconology as the main analytical framework. Primary data were obtained from visual documentation in the National Museum of Korea (국립중앙박물관), supported by secondary data from books, journal articles, and relevant academic studies. The findings reveal that the tiger, often portrayed humorously, symbolizes the people’s subtle criticism of government officials who appeared authoritative yet were fragile in reality. Meanwhile, the magpie represents the common people’s voice, boldly addressing those in power. In addition, natural elements such as pine trees, clouds, and the sun strengthen symbolic meanings related to protection, prosperity, and harmony. Overall, the Tiger and Magpie painting reflects how ordinary people in late Joseon articulated social criticism, hope, and spirituality through visual symbolism.