Education as a Pillar of National Defense: A Systematic Review on the Relationship between Education and National Security

Antariksa Erlanda, Canka Adzana Jagad

Abstract


This systematic review examines the critical relationship between education and national security, positioning education as a fundamental pillar of national defense. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, this study explores how educational systems contribute to defense capabilities beyond traditional military training. The review synthesizes findings from policy documents, empirical studies, and theoretical frameworks to demonstrate that education fosters national resilience through character building, civic awareness, technological advancement, and strategic thinking. Key themes include: (1) the role of defense education curricula in developing patriotic values and national awareness, (2) the contribution of higher education institutions to defense innovation and research, (3) professional military education as a standardization tool for defense capabilities, and (4) the integration of non-military defense approaches through civic education. Findings reveal that effective defense education requires systematic implementation across all educational levels, collaboration between civilian and military institutions, and continuous curriculum development aligned with evolving security threats. This review concludes that education serves not merely as a supporting element but as a strategic pillar of comprehensive national defense, essential for building resilient societies capable of addressing multidimensional security challenges in the 21st century.

Keywords


national defense, defense education, national security, civic education, military education, systematic review

Full Text:

PDF

References


Agustina, U., Safitri, E. W., & Anjelia, M. (2024). Analisis Peran Pendidikan Dalam Membentuk Kesadaran Akan Hak dan Kewajiban Warganegara di Kalangan Generasi Muda Indonesia. Garuda Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Dan Filsafat, 2(3), 289. https://doi.org/10.59581/garuda.v2i3.3991

Alanzi, F. S. (2024). Predictors of National Security Awareness Among University Students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n9-108

Anderson, J. E. (1975). Public policy-making. Praeger Publishers.

Asmoro, N., Prihantoro, M., & Fikri, I. (2021). Strengthening the Development of State Defense Resources and Building the National Logistic Reserves. Science Technology & Public Policy, 5(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.stpp.20210501.16

Bai, Y., & Zhang, W. (2024). Research on Cultivating National Security Awareness among College Students in the New Era. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 12(6), 77. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2024.126004

Browne, A., & Wildavsky, A. (1987). Implementation as exploration. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), The politics of program evaluation (pp. 232-256). Sage Publications.

Chmyr, V., & Bhinder, N. (2023). AI in the Higher Military Institutions: Challenges and Perspectives for Military Engineering Training. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n4.11

Dahliyana, A., Malihah, E., & Rahmat, R. (2024). Strengthening the national defense character through civic education in Indonesia: A systematic evaluation of the Project Citizen Digital. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 45, 159-166. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2024.45.1.14

Dreifke, T., & Lysychkina, I. (2025). Reference curricula as a tool for standardization in professional military education. Connections: The Quarterly Journal, 24(1), 113-127. https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.24.1.08

Ginting, S. W., Tjandra, M., & Setiawan, H. (2021). Relevance of Civic Education With The Awareness in Building National Resourcesbas the Embodiment of the National Defense. Aksara Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal, 7(3), 927. https://doi.org/10.37905/aksara.7.3.927-936.2021

Goggin, M. L., Bowman, A. O., Lester, J. P., & O'Toole, L. J. (1990). Implementation theory and practice: Toward a third generation. Scott Foresman/Little Brown Higher Education.

Hutabarat, H. D., Suryono, A., Wijaya, A. F., & Muluk, M. R. K. (2025). Model of national defense education policy process in supporting national defense. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7, e2025383. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025383

Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services. Russell Sage Foundation. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610447713

Manurung, Y., Maarif, S., Samuel, T., & Toruan, L. (2023). Indonesian national defense strategy in the ASEAN region of the 21st century based on defense system and security population demography. Journal of Defense Management, 8(2), 746-755.

Mardamsyah, A., Wiranto, S., Sitorus, H., & Saptono, D. (2022). Military campaign strategy with the integration of the 1st Joint Defense Command and local governments of the Riau Islands Province. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 5(2), 502-506. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i2-15

Masridha, R. A., Mukti, I. P., Syofiah, F., Rifki, M., & Satino, S. (2022). FENOMENA KESADARAN NILAI-NILAI BELA NEGARA BAGI GENERASI MUDA DI LINGKUNGAN KAMPUS. Jurnal Pertahanan Dan Bela Negara, 12(2), 134. https://doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v12i2.1720

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Murtaib, A., Wijaya, M., Hasibuan, S. A., Citra, Y., & Hudi, I. (2024). Menumbuhkan Kesadaran Berbangsa dan Bernegara Melalui Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Era Digital. Garuda Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Dan Filsafat, 2(3), 215. https://doi.org/10.59581/garuda.v2i3.3941

Paliukh, V., Kovtun, I., Pidlisna, T., Dombrovska, S., & Berezinskyi, L. (2025). Enhancing Educational System Human Resources as a Pillar of National Security. Journal of Posthumanism, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.63332/joph.v5i1.559

Pradana, Y., & Andriyana, A. (2022). Increasing the Spirit of Defending the Country through Citizenship Education in Higher Education. Pancasila Jurnal Keindonesiaan, 2(2), 216. https://doi.org/10.52738/pjk.v2i2.97

Prasetiyo, A. (2020). PERANAN PENDIDIKAN KEWARGANEGARAAN DALAM MEMEBANGUN SEMANGAT MAHASISWA DALAM BELA NEGARA (The Role of Citizenship Education in Building Student Enthusiasm in Defending the Country). SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3621469

Pressman, J. L., & Wildavsky, A. B. (1973). Implementation: How great expectations in Washington are dashed in Oakland. University of California Press.

Ripley, R. B., & Franklin, G. A. (1986). Policy implementation and bureaucracy (2nd ed.). Dorsey Press.

Sabatier, P. (1986). Top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementation research: A critical analysis and suggested synthesis. Journal of Public Policy, 6(1), 21-48. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X00003846

Sagala, V., Sinaga, S., Purba, K., & Yunita, S. (2024). Dinamika Kesadaran Masyarakat Khususnya Generasi Muda Akan Pertahanan dan Semangat Bela Negara Demi Terwujudnya Tujuan Nasional Indonesia. IJEDR Indonesian Journal of Education and Development Research, 2(1), 166. https://doi.org/10.57235/ijedr.v2i1.1622

Salha, S., Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Zhang, X., Endris, A., Arar, K., Mishra, S., & Jemni, M. (2024). How to Maintain Education During Wars? An Integrative Approach to Ensure the Right to Education. Open Praxis, 16(2), 160. https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.16.2.668

Sandfort, J., & Moulton, S. (2015). Effective implementation in practice: Integrating public policy and management. John Wiley & Sons.

Sarjito, A. (2024). FROM SOCIAL MEDIA TO THE DEFENSE FIELD: AN EXPLORATION OF GEN Z’S ROLE IN NATIONAL SECURITY. Deleted Journal, 1(3), 511. https://doi.org/10.59407/jogapa.v1i3.994

Satya, P. T. (2020). Peran Pemuda Milenial dalam Bela Negara (The Role Of Millenial Youth In The State Defense). SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3624914

Sharkansky, I. (1972). The analysis of public policy: Recent additions to an ancient and honorable literature. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 16(2), 324-335. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110066

Sinaga, Y. T. (2021). Reserve components as a form of national defense and strategy in countering the threat of radicalism-terrorism in Indonesia. Journal of Pancasila and National Defense, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.31315/jpbn.v1i2.5513

Soepandji, K. W., & Farid, M. (2018). KONSEP BELA NEGARA DALAM PERSPEKTIF KETAHANAN NASIONAL. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 48(3), 436. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol48.no3.1741

Soepandji, K. W., & Farid, M. (2018). Konsep bela negara dalam perspektif ketahanan nasional [The concept of defending the state in the perspective of national resilience]. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 48(3), 436-457. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol48.no3.1741

Susdarwono, E. T. (2022). Ketahanan Nasional Dengan Ditumpukan Pada Pembangunan dan Pembaharuan Pendidikan Paska Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 8(3), 29. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v8i3.329

Tachjan. (2006). Implementasi kebijakan publik [Public policy implementation]. Asosiasi Ilmu Politik Indonesia (AIPI) Bandung.

Teguh Soedarto, Hendrarini, H., Anggriawan, T. P., Mahanani, A. E. E., & Fitriana, Z. M. (2021). Strengthening the national defense education curriculum from an early age. VSJ | Veteran Society: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(2), 72-77. https://doi.org/10.33005/vsj.v2i2.86

Triadi, I., & Agustina, L. (2024). Peran Pendidikan Dalam Membentuk Kesadaran Bela Negara di Kalangan Generasi Muda Indonesia. Aliansi, 1(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.62383/aliansi.v1i2.110

Van Meter, D. S., & Van Horn, C. E. (1975). The policy implementation process: A conceptual framework. Administration & Society, 6(4), 445-488.

Wijaya, A. F., & Sujarwoto. (2020). Behavioral perspectives in defense policy implementation: A critical review. Public Administration Quarterly, 28(2), 156-178.

Wijaya, A. F., Nurkhayati, I., & Sujarwoto. (2020). The governance model of national defense policy implementation at the higher education level. Journal of Defense Policy Studies, 15(3), 234-256.

Winatha, K. R., Putri, P. E. W., Diani, N. M. A. M., & Devi, K. P. P. (2022). The Concept of Synergy Building Awareness of State Defense in the Digital Era. Journal of Digital Law and Policy, 2(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.58982/jdlp.v2i1.194

Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Zuniga-Brown, T. (2011). Minds on Minds: Education and National Security. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 24(2), 352. https://doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2011.548212




DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jap.v22i2.91451

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Administrasi Pendidikan



ISSN: p.1412-8152 e.2580-1007
Jurnal Administrasi Pendidikan is issued by Program Studi Administrasi Pendidikan Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
free hit counter
View My Stats