Public Space 2.0: The Dynamics of Digital Political Participation and Media Literacy Challenges in the Social Media Era

Abstract

This study examines the role of social media as a digital public sphere in fostering political participation among students and digital actors in Indonesia. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates qualitative data from in-depth interviews with students, digital activists (AIP), academics, political media observers, and journalists, alongside quantitative data from descriptive statistics, validity tests, and correlation analyses across political participation dimensions. Findings reveal that 89% of students use social media as their primary source of political information, predominantly through platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, and X (Twitter). Political engagement manifests in digital forms ranging from passive content consumption to active participation in online campaigns and political mobilization. However, these dynamics are accompanied by significant challenges, including opinion polarization, misinformation, algorithmic bias, and low levels of digital literacy—particularly in information verification and understanding media regulations. The integration of over 30 recent academic sources (2020–2025) reinforces the conclusion that social media has evolved into an inclusive yet democratically fragile public space. This article recommends strengthening community-based digital literacy programs, advocating for transparent platform governance, and enhancing the role of academics and journalists in balancing public discourse. Thus, Public Space 2.0 can evolve beyond a mere expressive tool into a meaningful arena for high-quality political participation.