TRANSFORMASI KOMUNITAS KEAGAMAAN DI ERA DIGITAL: EVALUASI KRITIS TERHADAP PEMIKIRAN HUTCHINGS TENTANG MENGKAJI KOMUNITAS KEAGAMAAN DALAM KONTEKS GEREJA DARING
Abstract
The development of digital media has fundamentally transformed the ways in which religious communities are formed and sustained in contemporary society. This article critically evaluates the chapter “Considering Religious Community through Online Churches” by Tim Hutchings in the book Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds, edited by Heidi A. Campbell. Using a critical literature analysis approach, this study examines the theoretical and methodological contributions as well as the relevance of Hutchings’ work to the field of digital religion studies.
The study shows that the concept of religious community in digital space cannot be understood merely as a virtual community detached from social reality; rather, it should be viewed as a hybrid social space that connects online interaction with religious practices embedded in everyday life. Through a critical evaluation of Hutchings’ analysis of online churches in Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds, this research demonstrates that digital religious communities are formed through the interaction of communication technologies, the online replication of ritual practices, and the social engagement of members within digital communication networks.
The structure of such communities no longer relies primarily on geographical proximity, as is typical in traditional religious communities, but instead emerges from patterns of participation, the intensity of communication, and the reproduction of norms and ethical interactions within digital environments that foster a sense of belonging among participants. The findings also indicate that online religious communities do not entirely replace conventional religious institutions but rather function as extensions and complements to existing religious practices.
Thus, the phenomenon of online churches illustrates how contemporary religious practices are increasingly mediated by media technologies, enabling the formation of religious identity, authority, and experience to occur simultaneously across online and offline spaces within a broader digital communication ecosystem.
Perkembangan media digital telah mengubah secara fundamental cara komunitas religius dibentuk dan dipertahankan dalam masyarakat kontemporer. Artikel ini mengevaluasi secara kritis bab “Considering Religious Community through Online Churches” karya Tim Hutchings dalam buku Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds yang diedit oleh Heidi A. Campbell. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan analisis literatur kritis, artikel ini menelaah kontribusi teoretis, metodologis, serta relevansi kajian tersebut dalam studi agama digital. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep komunitas religius dalam ruang digital tidak dapat dipahami semata-mata sebagai komunitas virtual yang terpisah dari realitas sosial, melainkan sebagai ruang sosial hibrid yang menghubungkan interaksi daring dengan praktik keagamaan yang berlangsung dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Melalui evaluasi kritis terhadap pemikiran Tim Hutchings tentang gereja online dalam buku Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds yang diedit oleh Heidi A. Campbell, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa komunitas religius digital terbentuk melalui kombinasi antara teknologi komunikasi, praktik ritual yang direplikasi secara daring, serta keterlibatan sosial para anggotanya dalam jaringan komunikasi digital. Struktur komunitas tersebut tidak lagi bergantung pada kedekatan geografis sebagaimana dalam komunitas religius tradisional, melainkan pada pola partisipasi, intensitas komunikasi, dan reproduksi norma serta etika interaksi dalam ruang digital yang membentuk rasa kebersamaan (sense of belonging) di antara para anggota. Temuan ini juga menegaskan bahwa komunitas religius daring tidak sepenuhnya menggantikan institusi keagamaan konvensional, tetapi berfungsi sebagai perluasan dan pelengkap praktik religius yang sudah ada. Dengan demikian, fenomena gereja online memperlihatkan bagaimana praktik keagamaan kontemporer semakin dimediasi oleh teknologi media, sehingga pembentukan identitas, otoritas, dan pengalaman religius berlangsung secara simultan dalam ruang daring dan luring dalam ekosistem komunikasi digital yang lebih luas.
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Artikel Jurnal
Hjarvard, Stig. “The Mediatization of Religion: A Theory of the Media as Agents of Religious Change.” Northern Lights 6, no. 1 (2008): 9–26.
Book Chapter
Hutchings, Tim. “Considering Religious Community through Online Churches.” In Digital
Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds, edited by Heidi A.
Campbell, 75–89. New York: Routledge, 2013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/e.v25i2.101518
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