Balinisasi dan Politik Representasi Kolonial: Konstruksi Bali sebagai “Museum Hidup” dalam Kebijakan Budaya Hindia Belanda

Ni Made Ariani, Putu Dyah Pradnya Paramitha

Abstract


Dutch colonial interest in Bali intensified only in the nineteenth century following military campaigns that culminated in the Puputan Badung (1906) and Puputan Klungkung (1908) wars. While previous studies have largely examined these events from political and military perspectives, the role of Baliseering as a colonial strategy of cultural governance remains underexplored. This study investigates how the Baliseering policy functioned to construct representations of Balinese culture as a means of consolidating colonial rule. Employing a critical historical method based on library research, the study analyzes secondary sources through Michel Foucault’s theory of power relations and Stuart Hall’s theory of cultural representation. The findings demonstrate that Baliseering transformed Bali into a “living museum,” representing the island as an authentic, timeless, and culturally pure space. Rather than serving solely as a policy of cultural preservation, this representation legitimized colonial authority by regulating Balinese society and restricting the spread of modernity and nationalism. This study argues that the enduring global image of Bali as an exotic cultural landscape was not a natural cultural expression but a colonial construction produced through intertwined relations of power and knowledge. These findings contribute to colonial historiography by highlighting cultural representation as a central mechanism of colonial governance.

Keywords: Baliseering; Dutch Colonialism; Living Museum; Power Relations; the Puputan War.

Abstrak
Kajian mengenai kolonialisme di Bali umumnya berfokus pada penaklukan militer dan Perang Puputan, sementara kebijakan Baliseering sebagai strategi representasi budaya kolonial masih relatif kurang mendapat perhatian. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis bagaimana kebijakan Baliseering digunakan sebagai instrumen kekuasaan kolonial dalam membentuk representasi budaya Bali pascapenaklukan tahun 1906–1908. Penelitian menggunakan metode sejarah kritis berbasis kajian pustaka dengan memanfaatkan buku, artikel ilmiah, dan penelitian terdahulu sebagai sumber utama. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan Teori Relasi Kuasa Michel Foucault dan Teori Representasi Budaya Stuart Hall. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Baliseering tidak semata-mata merupakan kebijakan pelestarian budaya, tetapi juga strategi kolonial untuk mengonstruksi Bali sebagai “museum hidup”, yaitu ruang budaya yang autentik, statis, dan eksotis. Representasi tersebut berfungsi melegitimasi kekuasaan kolonial dengan mengendalikan masyarakat Bali, membatasi penetrasi modernitas dan nasionalisme, serta mempertahankan tatanan kolonial melalui produksi pengetahuan tentang kebudayaan lokal. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa citra global Bali sebagai ruang budaya yang autentik bukanlah representasi yang alamiah, melainkan konstruksi kolonial yang dibentuk melalui relasi kuasa-pengetahuan. Temuan ini memperkaya historiografi kolonial dengan menegaskan bahwa representasi budaya merupakan mekanisme penting dalam praktik pemerintahan kolonial.

Kata Kunci : Baliseering; Kolonialisme Belanda; Museum Hidup; Perang Puputan; Relasi Kuasa.


Keywords


Balinisasi; kolonialisme Belanda; museum hidup; kebudayaan Bali; pariwisata

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/historia.v9i1.97592

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Alamat Redaksi: Gedung Numan Soemantri, FPIPS UPI, Departemen Pendidikan Sejarah, Lantai 2, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi No 229 Bandung, 40154

 

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