Experimental Verification of the Conservation of Momentum using the Vernier Collision Cart System in Physics Education

Abstract

This study, situated within the context of physics education, experimentally verifies the principle of momentum conservation using the Vernier Collision Cart System, a high-precision tool for analyzing motion and object interactions. The research aimed to confirm that the total momentum of a system remains constant in the absence of external forces, regardless of whether the collision is elastic or inelastic. Controlled experiments measured pre- and post-collision velocities, calculating corresponding momentum and kinetic energy. In elastic collisions, both momentum and kinetic energy were nearly conserved, with minor deviations due to friction and measurement limitations. In inelastic collisions, momentum was conserved, but kinetic energy showed significant losses, primarily transformed into heat, sound, or deformation. Higher initial velocities reduced the relative impact of friction, improving accuracy. The findings validate Newtonian mechanics while demonstrating the pedagogical value of modern measurement tools in enhancing engagement, conceptual understanding, and practical skills in teaching and learning physics.